Diols
Diols - Related Videos
10:12
Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols
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Cited by 1 •
2014
A novel account for the synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,2-diols based on a retropinacol/cross-pinacol coupling mechanism is described. Due to the catalytic execution of this reaction a considerable improvement compared to conventional cross-pinacol couplings is achieved.
01:57
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement
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2023
Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement. The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion. In the second step, the oxonium ion loses H2O, forming a tertiary carbocation intermediate. In the...
01:27
Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview
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2023
Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of hydrocarbon solvent to yield vicinal diols. The radical reaction is initiated by a single electron transfer from metals like sodium and magnesium to a spin-paired molecule like aldehydes or ketones to generate a ketyl—a radical anion. The ketyl has a radical character on the carbon atom and a charge on the...
08:46
Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides
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Cited by 3 •
2018
Here, we present protocols for the synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides by the regioselective O-glycosylation of ribonucleosides via a temporary protection of their 2',3'-diol moieties utilizing a cyclic boronic ester. This method applies to several unprotected nucleosides such as adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, 5-methyluridine, and 5-fluorouridine to give corresponding disaccharide nucleosides.
03:18
Periodic Acid Schiff or PAS Staining: A Method to Assess the Structural Deformities of Glomerulus
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2023
In this video, we describe the protocol for performing Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain to assess the structural anomalies in the kidney glomerulus. The PAS staining method enables appropriate evaluation of the glomerulus pathophysiology.
FAQs
The positions of hydroxyl groups on a diol’s carbon skeleton influence how its polarity and hydrogen-bonding capacity are expressed in a molecule. Closely or differently arranged groups can create distinct spatial relationships, which affect physical behavior and the feasibility of intramolecular transformations. This structural connection helps chemists relate molecular arrangement to observable properties and reactivity.
Hydrogen bonding helps explain why diols interact strongly with surrounding molecules. The hydroxyl groups provide sites for these interactions, increasing molecular polarity and influencing physical behavior. This effect is important when evaluating diols as solvents or humectants, because their interactions with other substances help determine how they function in mixtures and practical formulations.
Diols can participate in esterification, oxidation, and intramolecular transformations, so their two hydroxyl groups provide more than simply increased polarity. The locations of those groups on the carbon framework influence which reactions are possible and how the molecule responds. Studying these pathways shows how functional-group arrangement connects diol structure with chemical reactivity.
Diols serve as solvents and humectants because their hydroxyl groups increase polarity and enable hydrogen bonding. As solvents, they can interact with surrounding molecules in a mixture; as humectants, their molecular interactions support applications involving moisture. These uses illustrate how the same structural features that affect physical behavior can also create practical chemical functions.
Diols act as building blocks for polymers because their hydroxyl groups can contribute to reactions that join molecular units into larger structures. Their use is especially associated with polyesters and polyurethanes. In this context, the diol structure helps connect molecular reactivity with material design, making these compounds relevant to the development of polymeric products.
Ethylene glycol functions as an antifreeze component because its aqueous solutions have depressed freezing points compared with water alone. This property allows the solution to remain fluid at lower temperatures, making ethylene glycol relevant where freezing resistance is needed. Its application demonstrates how a diol’s molecular interactions can produce a useful macroscopic effect.