Orthorhombic System
Orthorhombic System - Related Videos
02:22
Structures of Solids
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2020
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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X-ray Diffraction
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2023
Source: Faisal Alamgir, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a technique used in materials science for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a material. This is done by irradiating a sample of the material with incident X-rays and then measuring the intensities and scattering angles of the X-rays that are scattered by the material. The intensity of the scattered X-rays are plotted as a function of the...
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Physical Properties Of Minerals I: Crystals and Cleavage
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2023
Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder The physical properties of minerals comprise various measurable and discernible attributes, including color, streak, magnetic properties, hardness, crystal growth form, and crystal cleavage. Each of these properties are mineral-specific, and they are fundamentally related to a particular mineral’s chemical make-up and atomic structure. This experiment examines two properties that stem primarily from symmetric repetition of...
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Instructions are provided for setting up and using a 3D perfusion hollow fiber bioreactor for extracellular vesicle production from MSC and other cell types. This protocol describes a method for producing extracellular vesicles at high concentrations on a continuous basis while controlling cell density in hollow fiber bioreactors.
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Packaging HIV- or FIV-based Lentivector Expression Constructs & Transduction of VSV-G Pseudotyped Viral Particles
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Cited by 15 •
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Lentiviral expression vectors are the most effective vehicles for stably expressing different effector molecules or reporter constructs in dividing and non-dividing mammalian cells and whole organisms. Here we provide a protocol on how to package lentivector expression constructs in pseudoviral particles and to transduce target cells using the pseudoviral particles.
FAQs
These lattice types distinguish how translationally related points are distributed within the unit-cell framework. The three-axis geometry alone does not specify which centering arrangement applies. Identifying the appropriate lattice therefore adds structural detail, helping chemists describe how the repeating crystal pattern is organized before relating that arrangement to molecular packing or other material characteristics.
The symbols 222, mm2, and mmm identify different symmetry classes available within this crystal system. They provide a more specific description than the unit-cell geometry by indicating the symmetry category assigned to a crystal. This classification helps organize orthorhombic structures during crystal-structure analysis and supports comparisons among materials with related crystallographic descriptions.
Distinct repeat distances show that translational periodicity differs along the three perpendicular directions. That unequal repetition affects how the crystal framework represents atomic or molecular arrangement and packing. In chemical analysis, recognizing these separate distances helps connect unit-cell geometry with structural interpretation, including how the repeating arrangement may contribute to density, optical behavior, and other properties.
Identification combines the unit-cell geometry with crystallographic analysis, especially interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns. Researchers evaluate whether the repeating structure is consistent with the orthorhombic framework, then consider its lattice type and symmetry class. The resulting classification provides a basis for describing atomic arrangement and examining how structure relates to measured material behavior.
X-ray diffraction provides patterns that can be interpreted to investigate the repeating structure of a crystalline material. For an orthorhombic sample, that interpretation helps assess the unit-cell framework and supports crystal-structure determination. The structural information can then be used to examine molecular packing and its relationship to density, reactivity, optical behavior, or other properties.
It is useful whenever researchers need to classify a crystalline structure and relate its geometry to chemical or material properties. In chemistry, the classification supports crystal-structure determination, X-ray diffraction interpretation, and analysis of molecular packing. These applications help investigate why a material exhibits particular density, reactivity, optical behavior, or other structure-dependent characteristics.