来源:马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校 Jeff Salacup 实验室
一组由古菌和细菌产生的称为甘油二烷基甘油四醚(glycerol-dialkyl glycerol-tetraethers, GDGTs)的有机生物标志物,在现代沉积物中的分布被发现会随着空气或水温的变化而发生可预测的改变1,2。因此,…
1. 必需材料的收集
2. 样品池的制备
3. 样品制备
4. 收集瓶的准备
5. 提取
加速溶剂萃取是一种快速、高效且高通量的技术,用于从大量地质沉积物样品中分离有机生物标志物。
传统上采用超声波或索氏提取等方法,但这些方法的缺点是处理速度过慢,难以获得足够样品用于详细的古气候重建。一种较新的技术——加速溶剂萃取(Accelerated Solvent Extraction,简称 ASE)方法,正是为提高效率和实现高通量而开发的。
ASE 方法结合高温和高压来提取样品,可在一次相对快速的制备过程中同时处理多个样品。
本视频是介绍如何从沉积物中提取生物标志物的系列视频中的第三部。视频将讲解该操作流程,并深入阐述加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)相较于超声萃取或索氏提取法的优势。
在加速溶剂萃取过程中,将样品装入钢制萃取池中,然后将萃取池装载到一个转盘上。每个样品萃取池的收集瓶也被装载到另一个独立的转盘上。仪器将一个样品萃取池送入内部加热炉中。溶剂从溶剂瓶中通过一系列阀门被泵送,直至达到足够的压力。
该压力的保持时间由样品和分析物决定。随后,溶剂通过不锈钢管路从样品池冲洗至相应的收集小瓶中。此过程可重复多次。温度、压力和持续时间均可根据样品进行定制。
所采用的高温提高了提取的动力学速率,而高压则防止溶剂挥发。收集瓶中现在含有总脂质提取物,而样品池中剩余的物质称为残渣。残渣包括非有机物质以及无法通过溶剂提取的有机物质,后者称为干酪根。
现在我们已经熟悉了加速溶剂萃取背后的原理,接下来让我们看看在实验室中如何进行这一操作。
在采集感兴趣的样品后,按照本系列另一视频中所示的方法进行冷冻干燥、均质化和去污染处理。
所有样品制备完成后,为每个待提取的样品组装一个细胞腔,并额外准备一个用于空白对照。具体操作为:将一端端盖拧入细胞腔主体中。使用经溶剂冲洗过的镊子,将燃烧过的玻璃纤维滤膜放置在每个细胞腔顶部。然后缓慢而轻柔地用活塞将滤膜向下压紧。
为每个样品的细胞体按编号标记,并单独标记空白样品。将一个经灼烧处理的称量锡箔置于天平上归零。用溶剂冲洗刮勺,然后用其转移5至10 g样品至称量锡箔中,并记录质量。
将称量锡纸中的所有材料转移至对应的细胞中。在顶部放置另一张玻璃纤维滤膜,并轻轻压实,直至达到样品的顶部。
加入分散剂(如硅藻土或沙子),直至接近装满,注意避免任何碎屑进入样品池主体的螺纹部分。用另一个端盖密封样品池顶部。对每个样品及空白样重复上述步骤。
用相应样品细胞或空白样的编号标记每个收集瓶,并用瓶盖盖紧。将每个细胞放入上层ASE托盘的编号槽位中。使用ASE仪器上的键盘设置提取方法参数,提取温度为100 °C,压力为1,200 psi。每个样品提取3次,每次静态萃取保持10分钟,并在每次静态保持之间用相当于细胞总体积50%的溶剂冲洗细胞体。
接下来,确保溶剂瓶中含有足够的溶剂以提取所有样品。在开始运行前,用溶剂冲洗仪器管路3次。最后,按下开始按钮。
从ASE中取出小瓶。现在生物标志物已经提取完毕,在分析之前必须进行纯化。
加速溶剂萃取是一种多功能技术,可用于多种应用,其中一些应用在此处进行了探讨。
加速溶剂萃取也可应用于其他类型的样品,包括食品。为了确定水果或蔬菜等食品产品的安全性和质量,监管机构和工业设施通常会进行残留物分析,以检测农药污染情况。ASE 可用于从食品样品中提取有机氯农药,并确定农产品中残留物的种类或含量水平。这些信息可用于判断农产品是否适合人类或动物食用。例如,根据产品种类不同,食品中狄氏剂的含量应介于 0 至 0.1 百万分之一之间。
也可使用加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)提取食品中的营养成分。例如,可对巧克力等可能含有较高重量脂肪含量的产品进行萃取。采用石油醚作为溶剂,利用ASE可将脂肪从巧克力样品中分离出来,并进行定量分析,以确定每已知数量巧克力中的准确脂肪百分比。利用这些信息,监管机构可验证巧克力生产商所宣称的内容,或生产商可获取数据以制作准确的食品标签。
您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于使用加速溶剂萃取(ASE)提取脂质生物标志物的简介。有关后续处理和分析方法的内容可在接下来的视频中找到。
感谢观看!
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Science Education videos
Q1: Why is accelerated solvent extraction better than sonication or Soxhlet extraction?
Accelerated solvent extraction is faster and more efficient than traditional methods like sonication or Soxhlet extraction. ASE combines high temperature and high pressure to extract biomarkers from sediment samples in a single, relatively fast preparation run. This high-throughput capability enables researchers to process hundreds or thousands of samples needed for detailed paleoclimate reconstruction, which older extraction methods cannot achieve.
Q2: How do temperature and pressure work together in accelerated solvent extraction?
In accelerated solvent extraction, high temperature increases the kinetics of the extraction process, speeding up biomarker separation from sediment. High pressure simultaneously keeps the solvent from volatizing, or evaporating, during extraction. This combination of elevated temperature and pressure allows the ASE method to efficiently extract organic compounds while maintaining solvent integrity throughout the procedure.
Q3: What materials are used to prepare samples for accelerated solvent extraction?
Samples are loaded into steel cells with combusted glass fiber filters placed above and below the sediment material. A dispersant such as diatomaceous earth or sand is added to fill the cell and improve solvent contact. End caps seal the cell, and collection vials receive the extracted material. All glassware and filters are combusted to remove organic contaminants before use.
Q4: What is the difference between a total lipid extract and kerogen in ASE?
A total lipid extract is the organic material dissolved by the solvent and collected in the vial after accelerated solvent extraction. Kerogen is the non-extractable organic material that remains in the sample cell after extraction. The residue left behind comprises both non-organic material and kerogen, representing compounds that are not solvent-extractable.
Q5: How can accelerated solvent extraction be used for food safety testing?
Accelerated solvent extraction can extract organochlorine pesticides and other residues from food samples like fruits and vegetables. ASE determines the types and levels of pesticide contamination present, helping regulatory and industrial facilities verify whether produce is safe for human or animal consumption. For example, dieldrin levels must remain within 0 to 0.1 parts per million depending on the product.
Q6: What role do biomarkers play in paleoclimate reconstruction?
Biomarkers like glycerol-dialkyl glycerol-tetraethers (GDGTs) are produced by archaea and bacteria and change predictably in response to air or water temperature. The distribution of these biomarkers in sediment sequences of known age allows scientists to reconstruct past temperature changes on decadal to millennial timescales. This paleoclimate data requires rapid analysis of hundreds or thousands of samples, making accelerated solvent extraction essential.
Q7: What happens to the extracted biomarkers after accelerated solvent extraction?
After accelerated solvent extraction, the total lipid extract containing biomarkers must be purified before analysis. The purification process removes unwanted compounds and concentrates the target biomarkers. Purification of a total lipid extract with column chromatography is a common next step in preparing samples for detailed chemical and paleoclimate analysis.