交流感应电机特性表征

An AC induction motor has two main parts: the stator, a stationary component consisting of coils arranged around a cavity, and the rotor, a cylindrical arrangement of bars capped by end rings, commonly called a squirrel cage. These components' electrical parameters determine motor efficiency and the torque-speed relationship, which is essential for selecting the appropriate motor for an application.

Slip is the lag between the rotor and the rotating stator magnetic field, making induction motors asynchronous. The rotor always turns slower than synchronous speed. Torque increases as slip decreases until reaching breakdown torque. When mechanical load is added, motor speed decreases, slip increases, and torque decreases accordingly.

The DC test measures the resistance of the stator winding by applying DC voltage across stator terminal pairs and recording voltage and current. Since only stator terminals are accessible in a squirrel cage motor, this test isolates stator resistance. The per-phase resistance is calculated by dividing the measured resistance by two, since two phases are in series.

The no-load test measures electrical parameters when the motor operates without mechanical load, providing data close to synchronous speed. This test records power, voltage, and current measurements and establishes the no-load torque baseline. These measurements are essential for calculating equivalent circuit parameters and understanding motor behavior under minimal load conditions.

The locked rotor test measures electrical parameters when the rotor is mechanically fixed and unable to rotate, creating the maximum difference in motion between rotor and stator field. Power, voltage, and current are recorded at rated current levels. This test provides critical data for determining rotor parameters in the equivalent circuit model.

The induction motor equivalent circuit resembles a transformer model, including stator winding resistance, stator reactance, reflected rotor resistance and reactance, mutual magnetizing reactance representing air gap magnetic flux, and core loss equivalent resistance. All parameters are calculated from DC, no-load, and locked rotor tests, creating a per-phase model that simplifies motor analysis and performance calculations.

The load test traces the linear torque-speed characteristic as mechanical load changes, using a DC generator or dynamometer to provide controlled loading. Torque and rotation speed are measured with varying load resistances. This test reveals how the motor responds to changing loads and produces characteristic curves showing the relationship between torque and speed under different operating conditions.