Name: entropy in food web energy flow
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:09.000Z
Duration: 53 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.5

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik kann auch am klassischen Nahrungsnetz gezeigt werden.
 Es besagt, dass die Entropie, das Ausmaß an Unordnung in einem System, jedes Mal zunimmt, wenn Energie übertragen oder umgewandelt wird.
 Wenn Primärproduzenten Energie von der Sonne beziehen und Lebensmittel herstellen, wird eine kleine Menge in unbrauchbare Wärmeenergie umgewandelt, die zusammen mit Sauerstoff an die Umwelt abgegeben wird.
 Während Primärverbraucher chemische Energie aus Pflanzen gewinnen, setzen sie beim Stoffwechsel neben Kohlendioxid auch eine geringe Menge Wärmeenergie frei.
 Schließlich steht auf der Ebene der Raubtiere nur ein Bruchteil der ursprünglich von der Sonne genutzten Energie zur Verfügung.
 Die freigesetzte Wärmeenergie und andere metabolische Nebenprodukte haben nun die Entropie des Systems erhöht.

Feinman, Richard D. und Eugene J. Fine. "'Eine Kalorie ist eine Kalorie' verstößt gegen den zweiten Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik." Nutrition Journal 3 (28. Juli 2004): 9. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-9" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

Kleidon, A. "Eine grundlegende Einführung in die Thermodynamik des Erdsystems weit entfernt von Gleichgewicht und maximaler Entropieproduktion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, Nr. 1545 (12. Mai 2010): 1303–15. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0310" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

der zweite hauptsatz der thermodynamik

Der Zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik besagt, dass die Entropie bzw. die Menge der Unordnung in einem System mit jeder Energieübertragung oder-umwandlung zunimmt. Bei jeder Energieübertragung geht eine bestimmte Menge an Energie verloren. Gewöhnlich in Form von Wärme, was die die Unordnung in der Umgebung erhöht. Dies kann auch in einer klassischen Nahrungskette nachgewiesen werden. Pflanzenfresser nutzen chemische Energie aus Pflanzen und geben Wärme und Kohlenstoffdioxid an die Umwelt ab. Karnivoren nutzen die von Herbivoren erzeugte chemische Energie, wobei nur ein Bruchteil davon die ursprüngliche Strahlungsenergie der Sonne darstellt. Auch sie geben Wärmeenergie und Kohlenstoffdioxid an ihre Umgebung ab. Infolgedessen haben die auf jeder Stufe der Nahrungskette freigesetzte Wärmeenergie und andere metabolische Nebenprodukte ihre Entropie erhöht.
 
 <h4>Der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik</h4>
 
 Der Zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik besagt, dass die Entropie oder die Menge der Unordnung in einem System mit jeder Energieübertragung oder-umwandlung zunimmt. Bei jeder Energieübertragung geht eine bestimmte Menge an Energie in einer Form verloren, die nicht mehr nutzbar ist. Sie entweicht oft in Form von Wärmeenergie. Diese Wärmeenergie kann vorübergehend die Geschwindigkeit von nahegelegenen Moleküle erhöhen. Je mehr Energie ein System also an seine Umgebung verliert, desto weniger geordnet und umso ungeordneter wird es.
 
 Ähnlich wie der Erste Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik kann auch der Zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik innerhalb einer klassischen Nahrungskette demonstriert werden. Primärproduzenten, wie z.B. Pflanzen, nutzen die Energie der Sonne, um zu wachsen. Sie stellen anderen Lebewesen somit Nahrung zu Verfügung. Bei diesem Prozess wird jedoch eine kleine Menge der Energie in unbrauchbare Wärmeenergie umgewandelt und zusammen mit Sauerstoff an die Umgebung abgegeben.
 
 Wenn Primärkonsumenten, wie Herbivoren, chemische Energie aus Pflanzen aufnehmen, setzen sie während des Stoffwechsels auch eine kleine Menge an Wärmeenergie zusammen mit Kohlendioxid frei. Karnivoren nutzen die chemische Energie, die von Herbivoren produziert wird. Nur ein Bruchteil davon stellt die ursprüngliche Strahlungsenergie der Sonne dar. Sie geben auch Wärmeenergie zusammen mit Kohlendioxid an ihre Umgebung ab. So haben die freigesetzte Wärmeenergie und andere Stoffwechselnebenprodukte die Entropie innerhalb der Nahrungskette erhöht.

Der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik

Der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik besagt, dass die Entropie oder die Menge an Unordnung in einem System jedes Mal zunimmt, wenn Energie übertragen oder umgewandelt wird. ...

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entropy in food web energy flow

The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains why entropy increases as energy moves through a system. Entropy means the amount of disorder in a system. Each time energy is transferred or transformed, some energy is lost as unusable heat. That heat can raise the motion of nearby molecules for a short time and make the surroundings less ordered and more random.

This idea also appears in a food web. Primary producers, such as plants, take in energy from the sun and make food. During this process, some energy becomes unusable heat and is released into the environment with oxygen. When primary consumers, like herbivores, eat plants, they harvest chemical energy and also give off heat and carbon dioxide during metabolism.

Carnivores then use the chemical energy made by herbivores. Only a fraction of that energy still traces back to the original radiant energy from the sun. At each step, heat energy and other metabolic by-products are released into the surroundings. As a result, entropy increases across the food web.

Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow

what is metabolism?

Metabolism, Energy, and Cell Reactions

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in a cell. It includes anabolism, which builds molecules, and catabolism, which breaks them down. These reactions help cells manage energy and keep life processes running. Cells use metabolism to turn food into energy, make cell parts, and remove waste products. Food stores potential energy in the bonds between atoms. Catabolic pathways break large food molecules into smaller ones and release that energy. Anabolic pathways use that energy...

first law of thermodynamics

Energy Flow in a Food Web

Energy flow in a food web shows the First Law of Thermodynamics in action. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form as it moves through living things and the environment. Sunlight is the starting point. Plants capture radiant energy from the sun during photosynthesis and turn it into chemical energy stored in complex carbohydrates. At the same time, oxygen is released into the atmosphere. Herbivores eat the plants and use those sugars during digestion. The energy is...

second law of thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains why entropy increases as energy moves through a system. Entropy means the amount of disorder in a system. Each time energy is transferred or transformed, some energy is lost as unusable heat. That heat can raise the motion of nearby molecules for a short time and make the surroundings less ordered and more random. This idea also appears in a food web. Primary producers, such as plants, take in energy from the sun and make food. During this process,...

kinetic energy

Motion as a Source of Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It appears when an object is moving and can do work or cause change. A waterfall is one clear example. Water behind a dam has potential energy, but when it rushes downward, that moving water has kinetic energy. When the water reaches the bottom and stops moving, its energy can become potential energy again. Kinetic energy also shows up in living systems. Plants absorb light particles, called photons, which move very fast and help create chemical energy...

potential energy

Stored Energy in Motion and Bonds

Stored energy in motion and bonds is called potential energy. It depends on the structure of an object or the position of matter in space. Raising a kettlebell changes its location and increases its potential energy. A stretched rubber band also stores potential energy, which can later change into kinetic energy. Chemical bonds between atoms hold another form of stored energy called chemical energy. These bonds involve attractive forces, and that energy can change into other forms during a...

free energy

Gibbs Free Energy in Chemical Reactions

Gibbs free energy is a measure of useful energy that can be taken from a chemical reaction to do work. It is written as G and named for scientist Gibbs, who discovered it. This energy is what remains after entropy is considered. A reaction can either take in energy or release it. Reactions that absorb energy are called endergonic reactions. Reactions that release energy are called exergonic reactions. The direction of energy flow helps show which type of reaction is happening. Plants carry...

activation energy

How Catalysts Lower Reaction Barriers

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hydrolysis of atp

ATP Breakdown and Energy Release

ATP breakdown releases energy for cell work. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, can lose one or two phosphate groups when water is added. This hydrolysis reaction is exergonic, which means it releases energy that the cell can use. When one phosphate group is removed, ATP becomes ADP, or adenosine diphosphate. Inorganic phosphate is also released. ADP can then be hydrolyzed again to form AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, after a second phosphate group is removed. ATP has a clear structure. It is...

phosphorylation

Phosphorylation and Protein Control

Phosphorylation helps control how proteins work in cells. It is the addition or removal of phosphate groups, and it is the most common chemical change that regulates cellular processes. These changes can alter a protein’s structure, activity, stability, location inside the cell, and interactions with other proteins. During phosphorylation, protein kinases move the terminal phosphate group from ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein. The amino acids most often...

induced-fit model

How Enzymes Adjust to Their Substrates

Enzymes speed up many chemical reactions in cells. They are biological catalysts, so they increase reaction speed without being consumed or permanently changed. They do this by lowering the activation energy needed to turn reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins that usually work by binding to a substrate, which is the reactant molecule they act on. They show substrate specificity, meaning they bind only certain substrates. This specificity depends mainly on the shape and chemical...

enzyme kinetics

Substrate Effects on Enzyme Rates

Enzyme kinetics examines how enzymes change the rate of a reaction. Enzymes speed reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The reaction rate is the speed at which an enzyme turns reactants into products, and it can be affected by several factors, including the number of available reactants. Scientists often study enzyme kinetics in a test tube with a fixed amount of enzyme. When more substrate, or reactant, is added, the reaction rate increases because the enzyme can make...

enzyme inhibition

Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to enzymes. Cells use these inhibitors to help regulate normal enzyme function. Drugs and toxins can also block enzymes and change how they work. Some inhibitors bind at the active site, which is the part of the enzyme where the substrate normally fits. Competitive inhibitors do this by occupying the active site and preventing the substrate from binding. If the substrate concentration becomes high enough, it can outcompete...

feedback inhibition

How Cells Control Product Buildup

Cells use enzymes to run biochemical reactions and make the products they need. These reactions are happening constantly, and enzymes speed them up so they happen fast enough to matter. Enzyme activity also has to be regulated. Cells need the right amounts of starting materials, intermediate metabolites, and final products. If these substances build up too much or drop too low, the cell can be harmed. That is why cells use control systems to keep metabolic levels balanced. One important...

allosteric regulation

Allosteric Control of Enzyme Speed

Allosteric control changes enzyme speed when a molecule binds to a site other than the active site. That alternate binding spot is called an allosteric site. An enzyme can have more than one allosteric site. This type of control can raise or lower enzyme activity. Many enzymes with allosteric control are metabolic enzymes. They help with the breakdown or the building of specific molecules in cells. In allosteric inhibition, the effector molecule causes a shape change that lowers the enzyme's...

cofactors and coenzymes

Enzyme Helpers: Metals, Vitamins, and More

Enzyme helpers are needed for many enzymes to work properly. These helpers fall into two groups: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions, while coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both can be tightly bound to an enzyme or attach only when the substrate binds. Cofactors are common in mature proteins, appearing in about 30% of them. They are often added as the enzyme folds and help with catalytic activity. Magnesium is one important cofactor, and it is needed by more than...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the Second Law of Thermodynamics increases entropy as energy moves through food webs, from plants to herbivores and carnivores.

Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow | JoVE K12

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9-12.B.1.2.a

Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow

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