Name: how dna stores genetic information
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:41.267Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

The DNA Helix

Desoxyribonukleins&#xE4;ure, oder DNA, besteht aus zwei Polynukleotidketten.
 Jede Einzelne besteht aus vier Arten von Nukleotid-Untereinheiten, welche aus einer Phosphatgruppe und einer Stickstoff enthaltender Base, Adenin, A, Cytosin, C, Guanin, G oder Thymin, T, Adenin, A, Cytosin, C, Guanin, G oder Thymin, T, verkn&#xFC;pft mit einem Desoxyribose Zucker besteht.
 Diese Anordnung erschafft das Zucker Phosphat R&#xFC;ckgrat der DNA Struktur.
 Am Strang mit dem drei Strich Ende, ist der Zucker mit einer freien Hydroxylgruppe am dritten Kohlenstoff angeordnet, welches bereit ist eine kovalente Bindung durch Phosphodiesterbindungen mit einem anderen Zuckermolek&#xFC;l am f&#xFC;nften Kohlenstoffatom in der Kette einzugehen.
 Im Gegengesetzten antiparallelen Strang ist jede Base individuell gepaart, C mit G und A mit T, dank der unterschiedlichen Zahl an Wasserstoffbr&#xFC;ckenbindungen die sich zwischen ihnen formt.
 Der Kompliment&#xE4;re Strang terminiert mit einer Phosphatgruppe am f&#xFC;nf Strich Ende.
 Solche chemische Polarit&#xE4;t versichert effiziente Verpackung, und windet die zwei Str&#xE4;nge umeinander um eine 3-D Doppelhelix zu formen, mit 10 Basenpaaren in jeder vollen Umdrehung.

Betet, Leslie. "Entdeckung der DNA-Struktur und -Funktion: Watson und Crick." Nature Education 1, Nr. 1 (2008): 100. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-dna-structure-and-function-watson-397">Quelle</a>]

dna-helix

<h4>&#xDC;berblick</h4>
 
 Desoxyribonukleins&#xE4;ure, oder DNA, ist das genetische Material, das f&#xFC;r die Weitergabe von Merkmalen von Generation zu Generation in allen Organismen und den meisten Viren zust&#xE4;ndig ist. Die DNA besteht aus zwei Str&#xE4;ngen von Nukleotiden, die sich umeinander winden und eine Doppelhelix bilden. Die Struktur der DNA wurde &#xFC;ber fast ein Jahrhundert hinweg schrittweise entdeckt und stellt eine der ber&#xFC;hmtesten und fesselndsten Geschichten in der Geschichte der Wissenschaft dar.
 
 <h4>Die DNA-Struktur im Detail</h4>
 
 Jeder DNA-Strang besteht aus Untereinheiten, die man Nukleotide nennt. Diese Nukleotide bestehen aus dem Zucker Desoxyribose, einer Phosphatgruppe und einer von vier m&#xF6;glichen stickstoffhaltigen Nukleinbasen. Dazu geh&#xF6;ren: Adenin (A), Guanin (G), Cytosin (C) und Thymin (T). Adenin und Guanin geh&#xF6;ren zu einer gr&#xF6;&#xDF;eren Klasse von Chemikalien, den Purinen, die alle zwei Ringstrukturen sind. Cytosin und Thymin geh&#xF6;ren zu einer Gruppe von Strukturen mit einem Ring, den Pyrimidinen.
 
 Benachbarte Nukleotide im gleichen Strang sind kovalent &#xFC;ber Phosphodiesterbindungen verkn&#xFC;pft. Die beiden Nukleotidstr&#xE4;nge werden durch Wasserstoffbr&#xFC;ckenbindungen zusammengehalten, wobei die Adenine des einen Strangs mit den Thyminen an der gleichen Position in dem anderen Strang sich paaren. Auch die Cytosine des einen Strangs paaren sich mit den Guaninen in der gleichen Position des anderen Strangs. Diese Wasserstoffbr&#xFC;ckenbindungen werden durch die antiparallele Anordnung der beiden DNA-Str&#xE4;nge erm&#xF6;glicht. Dabei sind die 5- und 3-Enden der Str&#xE4;nge in entgegengesetzter Richtung ausgerichtet. Ohne diese Anordnung w&#xE4;ren die Nukleotide in der falschen Position und k&#xF6;nnten keine Wasserstoffbr&#xFC;cken zwischen den Str&#xE4;ngen bilden.
 
 Die beiden Str&#xE4;nge des DNA-Molek&#xFC;ls sind fest zu einer federartigen Struktur, einer sogenannten Doppelhelix, aufgewickelt. Die Doppelhelix ist jedoch nicht perfekt symmetrisch. Stattdessen gibt es regelm&#xE4;&#xDF;ig auftretende Furchen in der Struktur. Die gro&#xDF;e Furche entsteht dort, wo die Zucker-Phosphat-R&#xFC;ckgrate relativ weit auseinander liegen. Dieser Raum erm&#xF6;glicht den Zugang zu DNA-bindenden Proteinen, wie zum Beispiel Transkriptionsfaktoren. Die kleine Rille hingegen entsteht dort, wo die Zucker-Phosphat-R&#xFC;ckgrate dicht beieinander liegen. &#xDC;ber die kleine Rille binden relativ wenige Proteine an die DNA.
 
 <h4>Die Entdeckung der DNA-Struktur: Eine kurze Zusammenfassung</h4>
 
 Die Geschichte der Entdeckung der DNA-Struktur begann 1869, als der Schweizer Wissenschaftler Friedrich Miescher eine Substanz entdeckte, die er Nuklein nannte. Bei der Extraktion von Eiwei&#xDF; aus wei&#xDF;en Blutk&#xF6;rperchen fand Miescher eine unerwartete Substanz, die einen relativ hohen Phosphorgehalt aufwies. Er wusste nicht, was es war, vermutete aber, dass es biologisch von Bedeutung sein k&#xF6;nnte. Miescher hatte Recht. Es dauerte aber Jahrzehnte, bis die wissenschaftliche Fachwelt seine Erkenntnisse voll zu sch&#xE4;tzen lernte.
 
 Die n&#xE4;chste wichtige Entdeckung machte der russische Biochemiker Phoebus Levene. Im Jahre 1919 schlug Levene vor, dass Nukleins&#xE4;ure aus Ketten von Molek&#xFC;len zusammengesetzt war, die er Polynukleotide nannte. Levenes Vorschlag stammte aus seiner Forschung an Hefen, wobei er feststellte, dass einzelne Nukleotide aus einer Phosphatgruppe, einem Zucker und einer stickstoffhaltigen Base zusammengesetzt waren. Obwohl das Polynukleotidmodell von Levene in vielerlei Hinsicht korrekt war, war noch unklar, wie die Nukleinbasen im DNA-Molek&#xFC;l angeordnet sind.
 
 Der &#xF6;sterreichische Biochemiker Erwin Chargaff erweiterte die Arbeiten von Levene. Ende der 1940er Jahre machte Chargaff eine wichtige Entdeckung: Die Menge an Adenin in der DNA ist immer ungef&#xE4;hr gleich der Menge an Thymin. Gleichzeitig ist die Menge an Guanin immer ungef&#xE4;hr gleich der Menge an Cytosin. Dieses Muster wurde als Chargaffs Regel bekannt und war ein wesentlicher Beweis, der die endg&#xFC;ltige Aufkl&#xE4;rung der DNA-Struktur erm&#xF6;glichte.
 
 In den fr&#xFC;hen 1950er Jahren lieferten sich der amerikanische Biologe James Watson und der englische Physiker Francis Crick ein Rennen mit ihrem Hauptkonkurrenten, dem Amerikaner Linus Pauling. Alle Wissenschaftler wollten zuerst die dreidimensionale Struktur der DNA aufdecken. Aufbauend auf den Arbeiten von Chargaff nutzten sie Kenntnisse der Physik, Mathematik und Chemie, um physikalische Modelle der DNA zu konstruieren. Sie hatten jedoch keinen Erfolg, bis sie ein entscheidendes Indiz f&#xFC;r den Aufbau erhielten: ein R&#xF6;ntgenbild, ein &#x201E;Foto&#x201C; der DNA, das ihre doppelhelikale Struktur genau zeigte. Dieses Foto war unver&#xF6;ffentlichtes Datenmaterial der Physikerin Rosalind Franklin und wurde Watson und Crick ohne Franklins Wissen zur Verf&#xFC;gung gestellt. Watson und Crick ver&#xF6;ffentlichten 1953 ihre Beschreibung der DNA-Struktur und gewannen zusammen mit Maurice Wilkins (ein Mitarbeiter von Franklins) 1962 einen Nobelpreis f&#xFC;r Physiologie und Medizin f&#xFC;r diese Entdeckung. Leider starb Franklin 1958 und k&#xF6;nnte daher nicht f&#xFC;r den Nobelpreis nominiert werden.

DNA-Helix

Overview

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most ...

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Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Genetics

Genetik

DNA Structure and Function

Struktur und Funktion der DNA

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

how dna stores genetic information

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century.

Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and guanine are purines, which have two-ring structures, while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines, which have one ring.

Nucleotides within a strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between matching bases. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This pairing works because the two strands run in opposite directions, or antiparallel, with 5' and 3' ends oriented oppositely.

The twisted DNA molecule forms a spring-like double helix. It is not perfectly even, because it has repeating grooves. The major groove is where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart, and it gives DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors better access. The minor groove is narrower, and relatively few proteins bind there.

The history of DNA research began in 1869, when Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher found a phosphorus-rich substance he called nuclein while extracting protein from white blood cells. He did not know what it was, but he suspected it mattered biologically. His insight turned out to be important, although it took many years for scientists to understand why.

In 1919, Russian biochemist Phoebus Levene proposed that nuclein, then called a nucleic acid, was made of chains he named polynucleotides. His work on yeast showed that each nucleotide includes a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. Even so, the exact arrangement of the bases in DNA was still unknown.

That question was helped by Erwin Chargaff in the late 1940s. He found that the amount of adenine is usually about equal to thymine, and the amount of guanine is usually about equal to cytosine. This became known as Chargaff's Rule and became a key clue for the final DNA model.

In the early 1950s, James Watson and Francis Crick competed with Linus Pauling to solve DNA's three-dimensional structure. They used ideas from physics, mathematics, and chemistry to build models, but they needed one more key clue. That clue came from an X-ray photograph of DNA that showed its double-helix shape in detail. The image was unpublished data from Rosalind Franklin and was shared with Watson and Crick without her knowledge.

Watson and Crick published their description of DNA structure in 1953. Together with Maurice Wilkins, they later received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. Franklin had died in 1958, so she was not eligible for the prize.

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

the dna helix

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century. Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and...

dna packaging

Chromatin and Histones in DNA Packing

Eukaryotic cells must pack long DNA molecules into the nucleus, and chromatin makes that possible. DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which are the main unit of DNA packaging. Nucleosomes then coil into compact chromatin fibers. The amount of DNA in a cell is much larger than it first seems. A single human skin cell has about 3 billion base pairs of DNA, and if that DNA were stretched out in a line, it would be about 2 meters long. With about 50 trillion cells in...

organization of genes

Genes, Introns, and Regulatory DNA

Eukaryotic genes are arranged within DNA along with non-coding regions that help control gene activity. A DNA strand includes genes and intergenic regions, which are the stretches between genes. These regions do not code for proteins, but they can contain important regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and silencers. A gene itself is not a single continuous coding block. It usually contains protein-coding exons and non-coding introns. After DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA in the...

karyotyping

Chromosome Stains for Detecting Disorders

Chromosome staining helps scientists find genetic disorders by showing the number and physical features of chromosomes. These features appear after DNA condenses into chromosomes during mitosis. Cytogeneticists then stop mitosis and stain the chromosomes to study their banding pattern. The pattern reveals details such as chromosome number, shape, and type. A chromosome description like this is called a karyotype. To create one, scientists take an image of the stained chromosomes and identify...

replication in prokaryotes

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules. Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying and Telomeres

Eukaryotic DNA copying is tightly regulated and must duplicate many linear chromosomes before cell division. The process is highly conserved and uses many proteins with specialized roles. It moves through initiation, elongation, and termination, and it ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic replication shares basic steps with prokaryotic DNA replication, but the larger genome and linear chromosomes require more proteins. Replication begins at multiple origins of...

proofreading

DNA Polymerase Fixes Replication Errors

DNA polymerase helps copy DNA and fix mistakes during replication. It adds nucleotides in a sequence that matches the template DNA strand. The enzyme also has a higher affinity for the correct base, which helps keep DNA replication accurate. As new genomic DNA is made, it is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. In many cells, DNA polymerases have different jobs in this process. DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon can proofread when nuclear DNA is being copied. These polymerases...

mismatch repair

DNA Mismatch Repair in Replication

DNA mismatch repair fixes copying errors that happen during DNA replication. When DNA polymerase makes a mistake, the cell can detect a wrong base pair, such as A with G or T with C, and replace it with the correct nucleotide. This repair system works in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and depends on several proteins. The Mutator protein family plays a central role in this process. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, MutS first binds the mismatch. MutL then helps identify which strand is the...

nucleotide excision repair

DNA Damage Repair by Excision

DNA damage repair by excision protects cells from mutagens that can change DNA. Exposure to environmental mutagens can create bulky lesions that bend the double helix or block transcription. If these changes are not repaired, they can lead to mutations and may contribute to cancer or disease, depending on which DNA sequences are affected. Nucleotide excision repair, or NER, is the process that detects and removes this kind of damage. Specialized proteins scan the DNA for a damaged region, then...

mutations

DNA Changes From Point Mutations to UV Damage

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. They can happen by chance during DNA copying, or they can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals. Scientists also describe mutations by how much DNA they affect, how they change a protein, and whether they happen in body cells or germline cells. Some mutations affect only one nucleotide, which is a point mutation. When a point mutation falls inside a gene, the outcome depends on how the amino acid sequence changes. A silent...

transcription

Transcription and Gene Control

Transcription and gene control explain how cells make RNA from DNA and decide which genes are active. RNA polymerase copies a DNA sequence into RNA, and this is the first step in making a protein from a gene. Many other proteins and control sequences help make messenger RNA, or mRNA, correctly. In eukaryotes, the DNA is first copied into a primary RNA, also called pre-mRNA. This RNA can then be processed into mature mRNA, which serves as the template for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes such...

translation

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding

Protein synthesis begins when ribosomes decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and build a chain of amino acids. This final step of gene expression is called translation. The finished chain is a polypeptide, which can later become a functional protein. Proteins are often called the building blocks of life because they make up much of the body, from muscle fibers to hairs and immune system parts. The instructions for each protein are encoded in genes found in the DNA of every cell. In biology, the central...

bacterial transformation

Griffith’s Mouse Experiment and DNA

Bacterial transformation explains how DNA can move into bacteria and change their traits. Frederick Griffith first noticed this in 1928 while studying pneumonia-causing Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. He compared one pathogenic strain with one non-pathogenic strain and found that only the pathogenic strain killed the host mice. Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic bacteria and mixed their remains with live, non-pathogenic bacteria. The mixture killed the mice,...

key terms and concepts

Learn how DNA stores genetic information through base pairing, the double helix, and the key discoveries by Miescher, Chargaff, Watson, Crick, and Franklin.

How DNA Stores Genetic Information | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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Die JoVE-Serie erweckt die Biologie durch über 300 prägnante und leicht verständliche animierte Video-Lektionen zum Leben, die Schlüsselkonzepte der Biologie erklären, sowie durch mehr als 150 Videos von Wissenschaftlern in der Praxis, die aktuelle Forschungsexperimente in den Labors von heute zeigen.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Heredity

Cellular genetics

Structure and function of DNA in cells

Modern genetics

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.5

BIO.5.a

LS.10

LS.10.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.11

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.2.a

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

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Introduction to Actin

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overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

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Microtubules

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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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Types of Intermediate Filaments

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The Extracellular Matrix

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Plasmodesmata

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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Binary Fission

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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The ...

DNA Packaging

Overview

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

The genomes of eukaryotes can be structured in several functional categories. A strand of DNA is comprised of genes and intergenic regions. ...

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Students who demonstrate understanding can construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.

Characteristics of Life

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Taxonomy

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Phylogeny

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Students who demonstrate understanding can develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction levels.

3.1.9-12.B

Functions of Life

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Requirements for Human Life

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Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

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Students who demonstrate understanding can plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.

3.1.9-12.C

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

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