Name: ecosystem zones and climate
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:39.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.4.1

What is an Ecosystem?

Ökosysteme sind die Summe aller Interaktionen zwischen biotischen, lebendigen, und abiotischen, unlebendigen, Faktoren der Umwelt.
 Sie fallen in eine von zwei generellen Kategorien, entweder irdisch oder aquatisch.
 Die großen Typen von Ökosystemen werden Biome genannt.
 Irdische Biome, wie Wüsten, Regenwälder und Tundra, sind durch zwei wichtige Faktoren kategorisiert, jährlicher Niederschlag und Temperatur.
 Von aquatischen Biomen sind Frischgewässer die seltensten, da Seen, Flüsse, Ströme und Quellen weniger als 2% der Erdoberfläche ausmachen.
 Diese Ökosysteme bestehen aus einer großen Vielfalt an Tieren und Pflanzen.
 Ozean-Biome, die mehr als 75% der Erdoberfläche bedecken, sind Flachgewässer, offene Ozeanoberflächen und die Tiefsee.
 Die Flachgewässer unterstützen den größten Teil der Ozean-Vielfalt in Korallenriff-Ökosystemen.
 Die Oberfläche des offenen Meeres unterstützt viele der photosynthetischen Organismen der Erde, und sogar die Tiefsee beinhaltet eine Anzahl an Organismen, obwohl Licht nicht dorthin durchdringen kann.

Murphy, Brett P., Alan N. Andersen und Catherine L. Parr. "Die unterschätzte Artenvielfalt tropischer Grasbiome." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, Nr. 1703 (19. September 2016). [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978875/" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

Haddad, Nick M., Lars A. Brudvig, Jean Clobert, Kendi F. Davies, Andrew Gonzalez, Robert D. Holt, Thomas E. Lovejoy, et al. "Habitat-Fragmentierung und ihre dauerhaften Auswirkungen auf die Ökosysteme der Erde." Science Advances 1, Nr. 2 (1. März 2015): e1500052. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500052" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

was ist ein Ökosystem?

<h4>Überblick</h4>
 
 Als Ökosystem wird die Interaktion zwischen allen abiotischen und biotischen Faktoren in einer Umgebung bezeichnet. Sie wird in terrestrische und aquatische Bereiche eingeteilt. Terrestrische Ökosysteme werden anhand des Klimas, einschließlich der Jahrestemperatur, des Niederschlags und den Jahreszeiten kategorisiert. Aquatische Ökosysteme werden weiter in Süß- und Meerwasser und dann nach der Tiefe unterteilt. Diese Faktoren beeinflussen die Wassertemperatur und die Menge des Sonnenlichts, das in das Wasser eindringt.
 
 <h4>Terrestrische Ökosysteme</h4>
 
 Terrestrische Ökosysteme werden in Biome eingeteilt, die sowohl durch das Klima der Umgebung als auch die dort lebenden Organismen gekennzeichnet sind. Gebiete in der Nähe des Äquators, in denen außerjahreszeitlich hohe Temperaturen und große Mengen an jährlichen Niederschlägen auftreten, sind Regenwälder und sie beherbergen einige der vielfältigsten Lebensräume der Welt. Ökosysteme mit hohen Temperaturen, aber geringen jährlichen Niederschlagsmengen sind Wüsten. Obwohl alle Wüstenökosysteme diese Eigenschaften gemeinsam haben, kann ihre Biodiversität stark variieren.
 
 Auf der anderen Seite des Spektrums befindet sich das arktische Biome mit sehr niedrigen Jahrestemperaturen und geringen jährlichen Niederschlägen. Dieses Ökosystem hat die geringste Artenvielfalt. Zwischen diesen drei Hauptbiomen befinden sich die jahreszeit-abhängigen Ökosysteme, wie die Tundra, das gemäßigtes Grasland und die Savanne. Diese Ökosysteme haben oszillierende jährliche Veränderungen in der Temperatur und auch des Niederschlags und beherbergen Tiere und Pflanzen, die speziell an diese jahreszeitlichen Veränderungen angepasst sind.
 
 <h4>Süßwasser-Ökosysteme</h4>
 
 Aquatische Ökosysteme werden weiter in zwei Kategorien unterteilt: Süßwasser-und Meeresökosysteme. Süßwasser-Ökosysteme bilden die seltensten der Ökosysteme, da sie etwa 2% der Erde ausmachen und Seen, Flüsse, Bäche und Sumpfgebiete umfassen. Die wichtigsten Faktoren, die die biologische Vielfalt innerhalb dieser Ökosysteme beeinflussen, sind der Wasserfluss, die Temperatur und die Tiefe.
 
 Das flache Gebiet in der Nähe der Ufer von Teichen und Seen wird als Litoral bezeichnet. Das Litoral ist der wärmste Bereich des Gewässers und enthält viele aquatische Produzenten, Konsumenten und Tiere, die sowohl an Land als auch im Wasser leben. Die limnische Zone, oder die tiefere Wasseroberfläche, ist gut beleuchtet und wird von Plankton dominiert. Das Profundal, oder der Lebensraum in der Tiefenzone, besteht meist aus Organismen, die tote Organismen fressen und keine Fotosynthese betreiben, da nur wenig Licht in die Tiefe eindringt.
 
 In Bächen und Flüssen fließt das Wasser schnell, wobei Sauerstoff recycelt wird und das Wasser auch relativ kühl bleibt. Die Artenvielfalt hängt von der Breite und der Tiefe des Flusses ab, wobei breitere Abschnitte des Flusses vielfältiger sind als die schmaleren Abschnitte. Zum Abschluss gehören zu den Feuchtgebieten jene Gebiete mit flachem, stehendem Wasser wie Sümpfe, Moore und Moorgebiete, die sich oft durch eine heiße und feuchte Umgebung auszeichnen. Diese Ökosysteme haben die höchste Artenvielfalt aller Süßwasserökosysteme, dazu gehören eine Vielzahl von Pflanzen, Tieren, Pilzen und Bakterien.
 
 <h4>Marine Ökosysteme</h4>
 
 Die marinen Ökosysteme bilden fast 75% der Erdoberfläche. Sie unterscheiden sich aufgrund des hohen Salzgehaltes des Wassers von den Süßwasser Ökosystemen. Sie werden auch nach der Wassertiefe getrennt: flacher und tiefer Ozean sowie tiefe Ozeanoberflächen. Das vielfältigste dieser Ökosysteme ist der flache Abschnitt des Meeres, in dem der größte Teil der Korallenriffe und des damit verbundenen Meereslebens der Welt liegt. Zusätzlich zu dem flachen Abschnitt des Ozeans, beherbergt die Oberfläche der Tiefsee auch eine Vielzahl von Meereslebewesen. Das ist möglich durch die Menge des Sonnenlicht, das in den Ozean eindringt, und durch das Plankton, das etwa 40% der gesamten Fotosynthese auf der Erde ausführt.
 
 Aufgrund der minimalen Lichtmenge, die in die Tiefe des Wassers eindringt, enthält das Tiefseeökosystem weniger vielfältige, aber oft außergewöhnliche Gruppe an Organismen, die an die Dunkelheit und den hohen Druck angepasst sind. Dieses Ökosystem ist auch das am wenigsten bekannte von allen Ökosystemen, da es viel Platz einnimmt. Dank neuer Technologien wie das vom Menschen besetzte Fahrzeug, Alvin, können Wissenschaftler dieses Ökosystem nun jedoch erforschen. Dieses Fahrzeug hat es den Forschern ermöglicht, 2/3 des Meeresbodens bis zu einer Tiefe von 4.500 m zu erforschen.
 
 <h4>Ökosystem-Dynamik</h4>
 
 Ungeachtet der Eigenschaften des spezifischen Ökosystems teilen alle die gleichen dynamischen Prozesse der Energie -und Stofftransformation durch Fotosynthese und Nahrungsbeziehungen zwischen den Organismen. Ökosysteme werden durch einen konstanten Zufluss der Sonnenenergie angetrieben, die durch das Ökosystem fließt, während die Materie recycelt wird.

Was ist ein Ökosystem?

Überblick

Ein Ökosystem ist das Zusammenspiel aller abiotischen und biotischen Faktoren in einer Umwelt und kann als terrestrisch oder aquatisch klassifiziert werden. ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Ecology

Ökologie

Ecosystems

Ökosysteme

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

ecosystem zones and climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water.

Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual rainfall, so they support some of the most diverse habitats on Earth. Deserts also have high temperatures, but they receive too little rainfall, so their biodiversity can vary widely. At the other end, the arctic biome has very low temperatures and low rainfall, and it has the lowest biodiversity.

Between these major biomes are tundra, temperate grassland, and savanna ecosystems. These areas show yearly changes in temperature and rainfall. The plants and animals there are adapted to those seasonal shifts.

Freshwater ecosystems are the rarest ecosystems and cover about 2% of Earth’s surface. They include lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. Water flow, temperature, and depth shape the biodiversity in these systems.

In ponds and lakes, the littoral zone is the shallow edge. It is the warmest part of the water body and contains many producers, consumers, and animals that live both on land and in water. The limnetic zone is the deep-water surface and gets enough light for plankton. The profundal zone is deeper water, where little light reaches and organisms often feed on dead matter rather than photosynthesize.

Streams and rivers move quickly. This flow adds oxygen to the water and helps keep it cool. Biodiversity also depends on river width and depth, and larger sections are usually more diverse than narrow ones. Wetlands are shallow areas of standing water, such as marshes, swamps, and bogs. They are often hot and moist and have the highest biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, with many plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Marine ecosystems are the most common and cover almost 75% of Earth’s surface. They differ from freshwater ecosystems because of high salinity. Marine systems are also divided by depth into shallow ocean, deep ocean surface, and deep ocean water. Shallow water is the most diverse and includes most coral reefs and their associated marine life.

The deep ocean surface still receives enough sunlight to support many organisms, including plankton. Plankton carries out around 40% of all photosynthesis on Earth. In the deep ocean, light is limited, so the ecosystem has fewer species, but many are unusual and adapted to darkness and high pressure. It is also the least known ecosystem because it covers such a large area. New tools, such as the human occupied vehicle Alvin, now let scientists explore this frontier and reach about 2/3 of the ocean floor down to 4,500 m.

All ecosystems share the movement of energy and matter through photosynthesis and feeding relationships. Solar energy enters the ecosystem and moves through living things. Matter is recycled as organisms interact and feed.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how climate, depth, and sunlight shape terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, from rainforests to the deep ocean.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Die JoVE-Serie erweckt die Biologie durch über 300 prägnante und leicht verständliche animierte Video-Lektionen zum Leben, die Schlüsselkonzepte der Biologie erklären, sowie durch mehr als 150 Videos von Wissenschaftlern in der Praxis, die aktuelle Forschungsexperimente in den Labors von heute zeigen.

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.N

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-7

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

HS-LS2-6

Environmental Science

Resources And Resource Management

HS-EVS1-1

Environmental Awareness And Protection

HS-EVS2-3

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

BIO.8.c

ES.8

ES.8.b

ES.8.d

ES.10

ES.10.a

LS.5

LS.5.b

LS.7

LS.7.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.19

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.6

Unity and Diversity

9-12.EVS.2.3

9-12.EVS.3.4

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-6

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.3

SC.912.E.7.4

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.7

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.B

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS3-1.

E-ESS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SEV1.

SEV1.b

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-2.

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.d

Oceanography

SO3.

SO3.2

SO3.3

SEC1.

SEC1.a

SB5.c

myJoVE Corporation

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Topographic Surveying and Contours

Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is ...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards