Name: water movement through earth systems
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Water Cycle

Die Hydrosphäre ist der gesamte Bereich in dem auf eine, Planeten Wasser besteht.
 Ein Großteil des Wasservorrats der Erde befindet sich in Salzwasser-Meeren, wo individuelle Wassermoleküle dort bis zu 3000 Jahre bleiben, eine Messeinheit, die man Verweilzeit nennt.
 Wassermoleküle in entscheidenden Frischwasser-Quellen, wie Flüsse oder Ströme, durchlaufen den Zyklus schneller.
 Der Zyklus beginnt, wenn die Sonnenenergie sich erwärmt und das Wasser der Oberfläche verdampft, von Meeren, Strömen, und Flüssen, in die Atmosphäre, wo es kondensiert und Wolken formt.
 Wasser kehrt als Niederschlag auf die Erdoberfläche zurück.
 Nun kann es zurück ins Meer fließen, als Abfluss über Ströme und Flüsse, in die Erde sickern um als Aquifer gelagert zu werden, unter der Oberfläche als Grundwasser fließen, oder nochmals über Transpiration durch irdische Pflanzen verdampfen.

Hamlington, B. D., J. T. Reager, M.-H. Lo, K. B. Karnauskas und R. R. Leben. "Trennung der dekadischen Variabilität des globalen Wasserkreislaufs vom Anstieg des Meeresspiegels." Scientific Reports 7 (20. April 2017). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00875-5" target="__blank">Quelltext</a>]

Haddeland, Ingjerd, Jens Heinke, Hester Biemans, Stephanie Eisner, Martina Flörke, Naota Hanasaki, Markus Konzmann, et al. "Globale Wasserressourcen, die von menschlichen Eingriffen und Klimawandel beeinflusst werden." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, Nr. 9 (4. März 2014): 3251–56. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222475110" target="__blank">Quelltext</a>]

der wasserkreislauf

Die Hydrosphäre der Erde umfasst alle Bereiche, in denen die Speicherung und Bewegung von Wasser erfolgt. Da Wasser die Grundlage aller Lebensprozesse ist, ist der Kreislauf des Wassers für die Dynamik der Ökosysteme enorm wichtig.
 
 Der Wasserkreislauf beginnt, wenn die Sonne Oberflächenwasser auf dem Land und in den Ozeanen erwärmt. Dadurch wird es verdampft und als Wasserdampf in die Atmosphäre abgegeben. Der Wasserdampf kondensiert zu Wolken und fällt schließlich als Niederschlag in Form von Regen, Schnee oder Hagel nieder.
 
 Nach dem Zurückfallen auf die Erde kann Wasser in große Gewässer eintreten, wieder verdunsten, als Abfluss an der Oberfläche bleiben oder in den Boden versickern, wo es von Pflanzen aufgenommen und transpiriert wird (aus den Poren der Blätter abgegeben und in der Atmosphäre verdunstet) oder zu Grundwasser werden kann. Tiefes Grundwasser kann Reservoirs oder Aquifere bilden, und flaches Grundwasser erreicht schließlich einen Gewässer, wo es als Oberflächenwasser verdunstet werden kann, um den Kreislauf erneut zu durchlaufen.
 
 <h4>Langzeit-Speicherung</h4>
 
 Menschenzellen bestehen zu über 70% aus Wasser, und fast alle Organismen an Land benötigen Süßwasser zum Überleben. Allerdings sind 97,5% des Wassers auf der Erde Salzwasser. Nur weniger als 1% des Süßwassers ist durch Flüsse und Seen zugänglich. Der größte Teil des Wassers auf der Erde liegt als Eis, Grundwasser oder Salzwasser in den Ozeanen und Meeren vor und ist für viele Pflanzen, Tiere und Pilze unzugänglich und für kurzfristige Zyklen nicht verfügbar. In diesen Formen wird das Wasser für längere Zeiträume gespeichert, bevor es in den Wasserkreislauf eintritt. Dies wird als Aufenthaltszeit bezeichnet.
 
 <h4>Kurzfristiger Wasserkreislauf</h4>
 
 Die Energie der Sonne erwärmt das Oberflächenwasser an Land und im Ozean, so dass es durch Verdunstung, Sublimation (Verdampfen des Eises aus einer festen Form) und Transpiration (Verdampfen des Wassers von Pflanzen) in die Atmosphäre gelangt. Der Wasserdampf kondensiert dann zu Wolken und fällt schließlich als Regen oder Schnee auf die Erde. Das Wasser, das an die Erdoberfläche zurückkehrt, kann: Gewässer füllen, wieder von dem Boden verdunsten, in den Boden eindringen, um von Pflanzen aufgenommen und transpiriert zu werden, unter der Oberfläche als Grundwasser fließen oder für längere Zeit in Aquiferen gespeichert werden.

Der Wasserkreislauf

Die Hydrosphäre der Erde umfasst alle Bereiche, in denen Wasser gespeichert und bewegt wird. Da Wasser die Grundlage aller Lebensprozesse ist, ...

Education

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JoVE Core

Biologie

Ecology

Ökologie

Ecosystems

Ökosysteme

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

water movement through earth systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics.

The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and by transpiration, which is water released from plant leaves and then evaporated.

Water vapor cools and condenses into clouds. It later falls back to Earth as precipitation, such as rain, snow, or hail. After that, the water may collect in large bodies of water, evaporate again from the ground, run off across the surface, or seep into soil.

Some water in the soil is absorbed by plants and returned to the atmosphere through transpiration. Some becomes groundwater, which moves below the surface. Deep groundwater can form reservoirs called aquifers, while shallow groundwater eventually reaches a body of water and can evaporate again as surface water.

Water also stays stored for long periods before it enters the cycle again. Human cells are over 70% water, and almost all land organisms need fresh water to survive. Yet 97.5% of Earth’s water is saltwater, and less than 1% of freshwater is accessible in rivers and lakes.

Most water on Earth is locked up as ice, groundwater, or saltwater in the oceans and seas. These stores have long residence times, which means the water remains there for extended periods. They are not part of short-term cycling until the water moves back into the active water cycle.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Track how water moves through Earth’s systems by evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, transpiration, and groundwater storage.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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Die JoVE-Serie erweckt die Biologie durch über 300 prägnante und leicht verständliche animierte Video-Lektionen zum Leben, die Schlüsselkonzepte der Biologie erklären, sowie durch mehr als 150 Videos von Wissenschaftlern in der Praxis, die aktuelle Forschungsexperimente in den Labors von heute zeigen.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

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