Name: nitrogen in soil and living things
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 49 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Nitrogen Cycle

Der Stickstoffkreislauf beinhaltet die Bewegung von Stickstoffatomen zwischen biotischen und abiotischen Bestandteilen im Ökosystem.
 Der größte Teil des Stickstoffs des Ökosystems wird als Gas, N2, in der Atmosphäre gespeichert.
 Aber nur Bakterien besitzen die notwendigen Enzyme, um Stickstoffgas von anderen Organismen in eine brauchbare Form zu überführen, ein Begriff, der als Stickstofffixierung bezeichnet wird.
 Daher ist Stickstoff ein sehr begrenzter Nährstoff im Ökosystem.
 Sobald Bakterien im Boden das Gas in Ammoniak umwandeln, können Pflanzen den Stickstoff in Proteine, DNA und andere organische Moleküle umwandeln, die von Pflanzenfressern verbraucht und in Aminosäuren zerlegt werden.
 Diese können zu nutzbaren Proteinen für Wachstum und Entwicklung sowie zur Ernährung der Verbraucher wieder zusammengesetzt werden.
 Gleichzeitig geben Pflanzenfresser und Verbraucher etwas Stickstoff als Abfallprodukte an den Boden zurück.
 Sowohl tote Organismen als auch Abfallprodukte enthalten Stickstoff in Form von Protein, Harnstoff und Harnsäure.
 Zersetzer wie Bakterien und Pilze können diese Moleküle abbauen und Ammoniak wieder in den Boden abgeben, das von Pflanzen absorbiert oder von nitrifizierenden Bakterien in Nitrate umgewandelt werden kann.
 Diese Nitrate können auch entweder von Pflanzen aufgenommen oder in Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff durch Denitrifikation von Bakterien in Stickstoffgas umgewandelt werden.
 Der Mensch bringt durch die Verwendung von landwirtschaftlichen Düngemitteln auch Stickstoff in das Ökosystem ein.
 Bei falscher Verwendung oder in großen Mengen kann jedoch überschüssiger Stickstoff in aquatische Ökosysteme fließen und das Wachstum von Bakterien, Algen und Wasserpflanzen erhöhen, ein Vorgang, der als Eutrophierung bezeichnet wird.
 Eutrophierung (Nährstoffeintrag)

Ramakrishnan VV, Ghaly AE. "Stickstoffquellen und -kreisläufe im Ökosystem und ihre Rolle bei der Luft-, Wasser- und Bodenverschmutzung: Eine kritische Überprüfung." Zeitschrift für Umweltauswirkungen und -kontrolle 03, Nr. 02 (2015). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4397.1000136" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

der stickstoffkreislauf

Stickstoffatome, welche in allen Proteinen und der DNA vorkommen, werden zwischen abiotischen und biotischen Komponenten des Ökosystems recycelt. Die primäre Form des Stickstoffs auf der Erde ist jedoch Stickstoffgas, das von den meisten Tieren und Pflanzen nicht genutzt werden kann. Daher muss Stickstoffgas zunächst von stickstofffixierenden Bakterien in eine nutzbare Form umgewandelt werden, bevor es durch andere lebende Organismen zirkulieren kann. Die Verwendung von stickstoffhaltigen Düngemitteln und tierischen Abfallprodukten in der Landwirtschaft beeinflusst den natürlichen Stickstoffkreislauf stark.
 
 <h4>Der biologische Stickstoffzyklus</h4>
 
 Rund 78% der Luft die wir atmen besteht aus Stickstoffgas. Jedoch sind nur wenige Organismen in der Lage, es in der N2 Form zu nutzen. Stickstoff ist in essentielle Moleküle, wie Proteine und DNA in allen Organismen enthalten. Da die meisten Organismen nicht in der Lage sind, den atmosphärischen Stickstoff zu verwerten, verwenden sie die Nebenprodukte der stickstofffixierenden und nitrifizierenden Prokaryonten. Die Stickstofffixierung wandelt Stickstoffgas (N2) in Ammoniak (NH3) um, während die Nitrifikation NH3 in Nitrit (NO2-) und Nitrat (NO3-) umwandelt. Pflanzen können Ammoniak und Nitrat direkt nutzen und pflanzenfressende Organismen nehmen Stickstoff durch die Aufnahme von Pflanzen auf. Wenn diese Organismen sterben, wandeln die Bakterien im Boden den organischen Stickstoff in Ammoniak um. Diesen Prozess bezeichnet man als Ammonifikation. Durch Denitrifikation können aerobe Bakterien dann Ammoniak in Stickstoffgas umwandeln, das wieder in die Atmosphäre freigesetzt wird, wodurch der Kreislauf abgeschlossen wird.
 
 <h4>Stickstoffspeicher</h4>
 
 Das primäre Reservoir für die langfristige Stickstoffspeicherung findet als Stickstoffgas in der Atmosphäre statt. Es gibt jedoch auch andere, kleinere Stickstoffspeicher im Ökosystem. Stickstoff kann über relativ lange Zeiträume in Sümpfen, Meeressedimenten und Sedimentgestein gespeichert werden. Da Stickstoffverbindungen jedoch sehr gut wasserlöslich sind, kann bei der Verwitterung von Sedimentgestein Stickstoff wieder in das Ökosystem freigesetzt werden.
 
 <h4>Menschliche Einflüsse auf den Stickstoffkreislauf</h4>
 
 Da Stickstoff in der natürlichen Umgebung oft ein limitierender Faktor für das Pflanzenwachstum ist, behandeln Landwirte den Boden mit Stickstoff als Dünger, um den landwirtschaftlichen Ertrag zu erhöhen. Der Überfluss aus der Landwirtschaft in aquatische Ökosysteme kann zu Eutrophierung und einem unnatürlich schnellem Wachstum von toxischen Algenarten führen. Die Zucht einer großen Zahl von Tieren kann auch die Menge der Stickstoffabfällen im Boden und in lokalen Wasserquellen drastisch erhöhen.

Der Stickstoffkreislauf

Stickstoffatome, die in allen Proteinen und der DNA vorhanden sind, werden zwischen abiotischen und biotischen Komponenten des Ökosystems wiederverwendet. Die primäre Form von ...

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nitrogen in soil and living things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs.

About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Nitrification then changes ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and nitrates (NO3-). Plants can use ammonia and nitrates directly. Plant-eating organisms get nitrogen by eating plants.

When organisms die, soil bacteria break down organic nitrogen and convert it into ammonia. This process is called ammonification. Aerobic bacteria can then carry out denitrification and convert ammonia into nitrogen gas that returns to the atmosphere. That return of nitrogen gas completes the cycle.

The main long-term reservoir for nitrogen is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Smaller nitrogen sinks also store nitrogen for long periods. These include swamps, marine sediments, and sedimentary rock. Because nitrogen compounds dissolve easily in water, weathering of sedimentary rock can release nitrogen back into the ecosystem.

Human activity can change the nitrogen cycle. Farmers add nitrogen to soil as fertilizer because nitrogen is often a limiting factor for plant growth in natural environments. This can increase agricultural yield. However, runoff from farms can enter aquatic ecosystems and cause eutrophication, which leads to unnaturally rapid growth of toxic algae species. Large numbers of livestock can also increase the amount of nitric waste in soil and local water sources.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

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Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

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Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

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Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

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Energy Loss in Food Chains

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what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

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the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

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Follow nitrogen as it moves from air to soil, plants, and animals, and see how bacteria, fertilizers, and runoff shape the cycle in ecosystems.

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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

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LS.Bio.5.1

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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