Name: phosphorus movement in soil and water
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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Biology

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Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Phosphorus Cycle

Im Phosphorkreislauf existieren Phosphoratome hauptsächlich im Gestein, nicht im gasförmigen Zustand.
 Wenn Gestein erodiert, wird Phosphor freigesetzt und in Bächen, Seen und Grundwasser aufgelöst.
 Pflanzen und Algen verwenden diese freien anorganischen Phosphate im Boden oder im Wasser, um organische Moleküle zu produzieren.
 Durch den Verzehr der Pflanzen erschließen die Heterotrophen die Phosphorspeicher, um ihre eigenen Verbindungen aufzubauen.
 Wenn Organismen sterben, zersetzen Destruenten die Phosphormoleküle und setzen anorganisches Phosphat frei, das von Pflanzen und Algen wieder verwendet wird.
 Dieser Prozess wird Phosphatmineralisierung genannt.
 Während Phosphate schnell durch Organismen in der Nahrungskette zirkulieren, haben sie eine längere Verweilzeit im Wasser.
 Gelöste Phosphationen reagieren und bilden nicht lösliche Verbindungen, die sich im Ozean niederschlagen und zu Sedimenten werden, dann verrotten und als Folge des tektonischen Auftriebs schließlich in die Umwelt zurückkehren.
 Da die Menge an Phosphor in der Umwelt jedoch begrenzt ist, muss es landwirtschaftlichen Nutzpflanzen als Düngemittel zur Verfügung gestellt werden, um einen maximalen Ertrag zu erzielen.
 Überschüssiger Phosphor fließt in aquatischen Ökosystemen ab, was zu einer Vielzahl von Umweltproblemen wie Algenblüten führt.

Watson, Andrew J., Timothy M. Lenton und Benjamin J. W. Mills. "Sauerstoffmangel im Ozean, der globale Phosphorkreislauf und die Möglichkeit einer vom Menschen verursachten großräumigen Anoxie der Ozeane." Philosophische Transaktionen. Serie A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences 375, Nr. 2102 (13. September 2017). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0318" target="__blank">Quelltext</a>]

White, Angelicque und Sonya Dyhrman. "Der marine Phosphorzyklus." Frontiers in Microbiology 4 (21. Mai 2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00105" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

der phosphorkreislauf

Phosphor ist im Gegensatz zu Kohlenstoff, Wasser und Stickstoff nicht als Gas in der Atmosphäre vorhanden. Stattdessen kommt der meiste Phosphor gebunden im Ökosystem vor. Es kommt zum Beispiel in Form von Phosphat-Ionen (PO43-) im Boden, Wasser, Sediment und Gestein vor. Phosphor ist oft ein limitierender Nährstoff (d.h. knapp). Folglich wird Phosphor den meisten landwirtschaftlichen Düngemitteln zugesetzt, was zu Umweltproblemen im Zusammenhang mit dem Übergang in aquatische Ökosysteme führen kann.
 
 <h4>Biologische Phosphorkreislauf</h4>
 
 Phosphor ist in vielen wichtigen biologischen Strukturen wie DNA, Zellmembranen, Knochen und Zähnen vorhanden. In der Atmosphäre kommt er nicht in gasförmiger Form vor, sondern in Mineralien, Sedimenten, Vulkanasche und Aerosolen. Bei der Verwitterung von Gesteinen und Sedimenten setzen sie im Laufe der Zeit anorganisches Phosphat frei, das allmählich den Boden und das Oberflächenwasser erreicht. Pflanzen absorbieren diese Phosphate und bauen sie in ihre organischen Moleküle ein. Tiere erhalten und bauen Phosphate ein, indem sie Pflanzen und andere Tiere fressen. Wenn Pflanzen und Tiere sterben oder Abfälle ausscheiden, kehren die organischen Phosphate in den Boden zurück und werden von Bakterien durch die Mineralisierung des Phosphats in anorganische Formen zerlegt, die von den Pflanzen wieder genutzt werden können.
 
 <h4>Geochemischer Phosphorkreislauf </h4>
 
 Natürliche Abflüsse können Phosphate in Flüsse, Seen und Meere transportieren, wo sie von Wasserorganismen aufgenommen werden können. Wenn Wasserorganismen sterben oder Abfälle ausscheiden, können phosphorhaltige Verbindungen auf den Meeresboden sinken und schließlich eine Sedimentschicht bilden. Im Laufe von Tausenden von Jahren kann durch geologische Anhebung phosphorhaltiges Gestein von dem Meer an das Land zurückkehren.
 
 <h4>Menschliche Auswirkungen auf den Phosphorkreislauf</h4>
 
 Wie Stickstoff ist auch Phosphor oft ein limitierender Faktor für das Pflanzenwachstum in natürlichen Umgebungen, was dazu geführt hat, dass in der Landwirtschaft Phosphor als Düngemittel zur Steigerung der Ernteerträge zugeführt wird. Der dabei entstehende landwirtschaftliche Abwasser kann jedoch das schnelle Wachstum von Wasserproduzenten stimulieren und eine Vielzahl von Umweltproblemen auslösen.

Der Phosphorkreislauf

Im Gegensatz zu Kohlenstoff, Wasser und Stickstoff liegt Phosphor in der Atmosphäre nicht als Gas vor. Stattdessen existiert der meiste Phosphor im Ökosystem in Form von Verbindungen, ...

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phosphorus movement in soil and water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments.

Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then moves into soil and surface water.

Plants absorb phosphate and build it into organic molecules. Animals get phosphorus by eating plants and other animals. When plants and animals die or excrete waste, organic phosphates return to the soil. Bacteria break them down through phosphate mineralization and convert them back into inorganic forms that plants can use again.

Runoff can carry phosphates into rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Aquatic organisms can take in this phosphorus. When they die or excrete waste, phosphorus-containing compounds may sink to the ocean floor and form sediment layers. Over thousands of years, geological uplift can bring phosphorus-rich rocks back onto land.

Human activity also affects the phosphorus cycle. Farmers add phosphorus to fertilizers because it can limit plant growth and crop yield. But fertilizer runoff can reach aquatic ecosystems. There, it can trigger rapid growth of aquatic producers and create environmental problems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

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Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

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Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

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Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

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the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

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Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

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Explore how phosphorus moves from rocks to soil, plants, animals, and water, and how fertilizer runoff can disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

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The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

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Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

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