Name: sulfur in ecosystems and acid rain
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:41.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Sulfur Cycle

Als gasförmiges Molekül zirkuliert Schwefel zwischen Atmosphäre, terrestrischen und aquatischen Ökosystemen.
 Eine Form, Schwefeldioxid oder SO2, gelangt aus der Atmosphäre in das terrestrische System, entweder als schwache Schwefelsäure, die beim Niederschlag aufgelöst oder direkt in einem Prozess namens Fallout abgelagert wird.
 Die Verwitterung von schwefelhaltigen Gesteinen, die durch die geologische Hebung von Ozeansedimenten entstanden sind, trägt ebenfalls Schwefel zum terrestrischen Ökosystem bei.
 Aus dem Boden gelangt Schwefel über die Wurzeln der Pflanzen als Sulfate in die Nahrungskette, die von Heterotrophen aufgenommen und nach dem Absterben der Organismen als Schwefelwasserstoff von Destruenten wieder in die Atmosphäre abgegeben werden.
 Überschüssiger Schwefel im Boden und aus unterirdischen Erdwärmeleitungen gelangt als Abfluss in den Ozean, wo er in Sedimenten auf dem Meeresboden ausfällt oder von marinen Chemoautotrophen als biologische Energiequelle verwendet wird.
 Vulkanaktivität und geothermische Entladungen setzen als natürlicher Prozess Schwefel in Form von Schwefelwasserstoffgas in die Atmosphäre frei.
 Die Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe trägt jedoch eine unnatürlich große Menge zur Atmosphäre bei, die als saurer Regen in den Boden zurückkehrt und die Ökosysteme schädigt.

Wasmund, Kenneth, Marc Mußmann und Alexander Loy. "Das Leben Schwefel: Mikrobielle Ökologie des Schwefelkreislaufs in marinen Sedimenten." Environmental Microbiology Reports 9, Nr. 4 (August 2017): 323–44. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12538" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

Durham, Bryndan P., Shalabh Sharma, Haiwei Luo, Christa B. Smith, Shady A. Amin, Sara J. Bender, Stephen P. Dearth, et al. "Kryptischer Kohlenstoff- und Schwefelkreislauf zwischen Plankton an der Oberfläche des Ozeans." Verfahren der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften 112, Nr. 2 (13. Januar 2015): 453–57. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413137112" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

der schwefelkreislauf

Schwefel ist ein wichtiges Element in der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Proteinen und wird durch die Atmosphäre sowie die aquatische und terrestrische Umwelt recycelt. Er kommt in der Atmosphäre als Schwefeldioxid (SO2) vor und wird von zersetzenden Organismen, verwitterten Gesteinen, geothermischen Schächten, Vulkanen und der Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe freigesetzt. Der Schwefel wird im Ökosystem eingelagert, durch die Lebensgemeinschaft zirkuliert und entweder als Gas zurück in die Atmosphäre entlassen oder in Meeressedimenten zur langfristigen Lagerung und wird schließlich wieder in den Boden und die Atmosphäre abgegeben.
 
 <h4>Der biogeochemische Schwefelkreislauf</h4>
 
 Schwefel ist für biologische Systeme essenziell und ein Bestandteil bestimmter Aminosäuren, wie Cystein. Diese Aminosäure spielt eine wichtige Rolle für die Proteinstruktur. Schwefel wird als Niederschlag in Form von schwacher Schwefelsäure, als direkter Fallout aus der Atmosphäre, durch Verwitterung schwefelhaltiger Gesteine und von geothermischen Quellen in terrestrischen Ökosysteme (z. Bsp. auf dem Land) verteilt.
 
 Aus dem Boden wird es von Mikroorganismen und Pflanzen aufgenommen und in organische Formen umgewandelt, die von den Verbrauchern im Ökosystem genutzt werden können. Zersetzter bauen schließlich die organischen Schwefelverbindungen als Gase ab, wie z.B. Schwefelwasserstoff, wenn die Organismen sterben. Der Schwefelwasserstoff wird dann in der Atmosphäre zu Schwefeldioxid oxidiert. Darüber hinaus nutzen einige chemoautotrophe Organismen Schwefel als biologische Energiequelle und recyceln Schwefelmoleküle direkt durch die Ökosysteme.
 
 Schwefel wird durch Abfluss vom Land, direkten Fallout aus der Atmosphäre und geothermische Unterwasserquellen in marine Ökosysteme eingeleitet. Ein Teil dieses Schwefels durchläuft die Nahrungskette und wird als Meeresgischt in die Atmosphäre abgegeben. Der Rest lagert sich als Sediment auf dem Meeresboden ab, wo er über längere Zeiträume gespeichert wird. Im Laufe der geologischen Zeit kann das Sediment durch Auftrieb wieder an Land transportiert werden, wo der Schwefel durch Erosion freigesetzt wird.
 
 <h4>Menschliche Auswirkungen auf den Schwefelkreislauf</h4>
 
 Durch die Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe, insbesondere Kohle, wird eine unnatürliche Menge Schwefelwasserstoffgas in die Atmosphäre geblasen, was zu einer höheren Konzentration von Schwefeldioxid führt, das sich als saurer Regen manifestiert. Saurer Regen schädigt die Umwelt, indem er den pH-Wert von Seen und Flüssen senkt und sowohl die Wasserfauna als auch die Landfauna beschädigt.

Der Schwefelkreislauf

Schwefel, ein wichtiges Element in der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Proteinen, wird über die Atmosphäre sowie die aquatische und terrestrische Umwelt recycelt. Gefunden in der ...

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sulfur in ecosystems and acid rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure.

On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it into organic forms that consumers can use.

When organisms die, decomposers break down organic sulfur compounds. This process can release gases such as hydrogen sulfide, which is then oxidized in the atmosphere to form sulfur dioxide. Some chemoautotrophs also use sulfur as an energy source, so sulfur can move directly through ecosystems in that way.

Marine ecosystems also receive sulfur from runoff from land, fallout from the atmosphere, and underwater geothermal vents. Some of it moves through the food chain and returns to the atmosphere as sea spray. The rest becomes sediment on the ocean floor, where it can stay for long periods before uplift and erosion return it to land.

Human activity can change this cycle. Burning fossil fuels, especially coal, adds extra hydrogen sulfide gas to the atmosphere and raises sulfur dioxide levels. This can lead to acid rain, which lowers the pH of lakes and rivers and harms both aquatic and terrestrial animals.

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Trace how sulfur moves through land and ocean ecosystems, how decomposers recycle it, and how fossil fuel burning can cause acid rain.

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain | JoVE K12

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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

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Distribution and Dispersion

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LS.Bio.4.2

Ecological Niches

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Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

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Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Ecological Disturbance

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Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain how interactions between organisms (predator/prey, competition) affect carrying capacity and maintain stability in an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.5.1

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

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