Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Ein Element ist eine reine Substanz, die nur eine Art von Atom enthält. Derzeit wurden 118 Elemente entdeckt, die entweder in der Natur vorkommen oder in einem Labor synthetisiert wurden. Die Elemente variieren stark in ihrer Häufigkeit.Die am häufigsten vorkommenden Elemente in der Erdkruste sind Sauerstoff, Silizium, Aluminium, Eisen und Kalzium. Im Vergleich dazu besteht die Erdatmosphäre hauptsächlich aus Stickstoff und Sauerstoff. Im Periodensystem enthält jedes Quadrat eine Ordnungszahl und ein chemisches Symbol.Ein chemisches Symbol ist eine ein-oder zweibuchstabige Abkürzung für ein Element. Der erste Buchstabe wird großgeschrieben und der zweite, falls erforderlich, klein geschrieben, um Verwechslungen mit Verbindungen, die zwei Elemente enthalten, zu vermeiden. Häufig ist dieses Symbol der erste Buchstabe oder die ersten Buchstaben des englischen Namens des Elements.Einige Symbole stammen jedoch von griechischen, lateinischen oder deutschen Wurzeln ab. Zu einem chemischen Symbol können zusätzliche Angaben hinzugefügt werden. Die Ordnungszahl, die auch die Anzahl der Protonen angibt, ist an der linken tiefgestellten Stelle vermerkt.Diese Zahl ist für ein bestimmtes Element immer gleich und wird manchmal weggelassen, da sie sich nicht ändert. Die Massenzahl die Anzahl der Protonen plus Neutronen ist an der linken hochgestellten Stelle vermerkt. Diese Zahl definiert das spezifische Isotop eines Elements, z.B.Kohlenstoff-12 oder Kohlenstoff-13. Ein Isotop ist eine Variation eines Elements, bei der die Anzahl der Neutronen im Kern variiert, die Anzahl der Protonen auch die Ordnungszahl jedoch gleich ist. Dies führt zu unterschiedlichen Atommassen, hat aber keinen Einfluss auf die Ladung des Atoms.Zum Beispiel hat elementarer Wasserstoff drei natürlich vorkommende Isotope:Die am häufigsten vorkommende Form enthält keine Neutronen;die zweite Form ist Deuterium, das ein Neutron enthält;und die dritte Form ist Tritium, das zwei Neutronen enthält. Während das Standard-Wasserstoffatom und Deuterium unter natürlichen Bedingungen stabil sind, zerfallen andere Isotope, wie z. B.Tritium, unter Energieabgabe in andere Stoffe.Diese Isotope werden als radioaktive Isotope bezeichnet.

<ol>
	<li>Pothoof, Justin, Grace Nguyen, Dawn Archey, E. Prasad Venugopal und Mark A. Benvenuto. "Element 118: Neuen Schülern ein neues Element beibringen." In Alte und neue Elemente: Entdeckungen, Entwicklungen, Herausforderungen und Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt, S. 195-201. Amerikanische Chemische Gesellschaft, 2017.</li>
	<li>Krebs, Robert E. Die Geschichte und Verwendung der chemischen Elemente unserer Erde: ein Nachschlagewerk. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.</li>
	<li>Clayton, Donald. Handbuch der Isotope im Kosmos: Wasserstoff zu Gallium. Band 1. Cambridge University Press, 2003.</li>
</ol>

elemente: chemische symbole und isotope

Ein chemisches Symbol ist eine Abkürzung, die zur Bezeichnung eines Elements oder eines Atoms eines Elements verwendet wird. Das Symbol für Quecksilber ist beispielsweise Hg. Das gleiche Symbol wird verwendet, um ein Atom Quecksilber (mikroskopischer Bereich) oder einen Behälter mit vielen Atomen des Elements Quecksilber (makroskopischer Bereich) zu kennzeichnen. Einige Symbole leiten sich vom gebräuchlichen englischen Namen des Elements ab; andere sind Abkürzungen des Namens in einer anderen Sprache – Latein, Griechisch oder Deutsch. Beispielsweise ist das Symbol für Aluminium (allgemeiner Name) Al, während das Symbol für Eisen Fe ist, was von seinem lateinischen Namen „Ferrum“ herrührt. Die meisten Symbole haben einen oder zwei Buchstaben, aber zur Beschreibung einiger Elemente mit Ordnungszahlen größer als 112 wurden auch dreibuchstabige Symbole verwendet. Um Verwechslungen mit anderen Schreibweisen zu vermeiden, wird nur der erste Buchstabe eines Symbols großgeschrieben. Co ist beispielsweise das Symbol für das Element Kobalt, CO hingegen ist die Bezeichnung für die Verbindung Kohlenmonoxid, die Atome der Elemente Kohlenstoff (C) und Sauerstoff (O) enthält. Traditionell benennt der Entdecker (oder die Entdecker) eines neuen Elements das Element. Bis der Name jedoch von der International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) anerkannt wird, basiert der empfohlene Name des neuen Elements auf dem/den lateinischen Wort(en) für seine Ordnungszahl. Beispielsweise wurde Element 106 mehrere Jahre lang Unnilhexium (Unh), Element 107 Unnilseptium (Uns) und Element 108 Unniloctium (Uno) genannt. Diese Elemente sind heute nach Wissenschaftlern (oder gelegentlich Orten) benannt; Beispielsweise ist Element 106 heute als Seaborgium (Sg) bekannt, zu Ehren von Glenn Seaborg, einem Nobelpreisträger, der aktiv an der Entdeckung mehrerer schwerer Elemente beteiligt war. Jedes Quadrat im Periodensystem enthält mindestens eine Ordnungszahl – die auch die Anzahl der Protonen ist – und ein chemisches Symbol. Bei einem Isotop wird neben dem Symbol und der Ordnungszahl auch die Massenzahl bzw. die Summe aus Protonen und Neutronen angegeben. Die Massenzahl definiert das spezifische Isotop eines Elements. Dies sind zum Beispiel die beiden Stickstoffisotope: <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;"> Das Symbol für ein bestimmtes Isotop eines beliebigen Elements wird geschrieben, indem die Massenzahl hochgestellt links vom Elementsymbol platziert wird. Da die Ordnungszahl ebenso wie sein Symbol die Identität des Elements definiert, wird sie häufig weggelassen. Beispielsweise liegt Magnesium als Gemisch aus drei Isotopen vor, jedes mit der Ordnungszahl 12 und den Massenzahlen 24, 25 bzw. 26. Diese Isotope können als 24Mg, 25Mg und 26Mg identifiziert werden. Diese Isotopensymbole werden als „Element, Massenzahl“ gelesen und können im Einklang mit dieser Lesart symbolisiert werden. Beispielsweise wird 24Mg als „Magnesium 24“ gelesen und kann als „Magnesium-24“ oder „Mg-24“ geschrieben werden. ^25Mg wird als „Magnesium 25“ gelesen und kann als „Magnesium-25“ oder „Mg-25“ geschrieben werden. Alle Magnesiumatome haben 12 Protonen in ihrem Kern. Sie unterscheiden sich nur dadurch, dass ein 24Mg-Atom 12 Neutronen in seinem Kern hat, ein 25Mg-Atom 13 Neutronen und ein 26Mg-Atom 14 Neutronen. Beachten Sie, dass die Wasserstoffisotope neben Standardnamen und Symbolen häufig auch mit gebräuchlichen Namen und zugehörigen Symbolen bezeichnet werden. Wasserstoff-2, symbolisiert 2H, wird auch Deuterium genannt und manchmal symbolisiert D. Wasserstoff-3, symbolisiert 3H, wird auch Tritium genannt und manchmal symbolisiert T. Dieser Text wurde angepasst von <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">Openstax Chemistry 2e, Section 2.3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism.</a>

Elemente: Chemische Symbole und Isotope

Ein chemisches Symbol ist eine Abkürzung, die verwendet wird, um ein Element oder ein Atom eines Elements zu bezeichnen. Das Symbol für Quecksilber ist zum Beispiel Hg. Das gleiche Symbol ist ...

Education

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Chemie

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Atoms and Elements

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Atomic structure is built from three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms make up all matter, and these particles explain an atom’s mass and charge. The electron was first identified at the end of the 19th century by J.J. Thomson. He used a cathode ray tube, a sealed glass tube with almost all the air removed and two metal electrodes. When high voltage was applied, a visible beam called a cathode ray formed. The beam bent toward positive charge and away from negative...

elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

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Predicting Ion Charges on the Periodic Table

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Learn how chemical symbols, atomic numbers, and isotope notation identify elements, from mercury and iron to magnesium and hydrogen isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation | JoVE K12

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Isotopes and Atomic Mass

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Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

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PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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PS.Chm.2.2

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	...

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Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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