Name: how reactant concentration sets reaction rate
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 33 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.12

SC.912.P.12.12

Rate Law and Reaction Order

Für jede Reaktion kann die Beziehung zwischen der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und den Reaktantenkonzentrationen mathematisch mit Hilfe eines Geschwindigkeitsgesetzes oder der Geschwindigkeitsgleichung ausgedrückt werden. 
In einem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz ist 'k' die Proportionalitätskonstante oder die Geschwindigkeitskonstante, und 'n' ist die Reaktionsordnung in Bezug auf einen einzelnen Reaktanten, dessen Wert oft eine ganze Zahl ist. In den Geschwindigkeitsgesetzen für Multireaktantenreaktionen ist die Gesamtreaktionsordnung die Summe aller Reaktantenordnungen.
Für jeden Reaktanten werden die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, die Geschwindigkeitskonstante, die Konzentration und die Reaktionsreihenfolge experimentell bestimmt.
Einzelne Reaktantenordnungen nehmen in der Regel die Werte 0, 1 oder 2 an, und basierend auf der Gesamtreaktionsordnung können chemische Reaktionen als Reaktionen nullr., erster oder zweiter Ordnung kategorisiert werden.
Eine chemische Reaktion mit einem einzelnen Reaktanten oder einer unimolikularen Reaktion, bei der die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit während ihrer gesamten Dauer konstant bleibt, ist eine Reaktion nullter Ordnung. Die Reaktantenordnung in einer Reaktion nullter Ordnung ist Null, und die Reaktantenkonzentration wird auf die nullte Potenz erhöht.
Da der Wert einer beliebigen Zahl, die zur nullten Potenz angehoben wird, eins ist, ist die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit einer Reaktion nullter Ordnung gleich der Geschwindigkeitskonstante und daher unabhängig von der Reaktantenkonzentration.
Eine unimolekulare chemische Reaktion, bei der die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit direkt proportional zur Konzentration des Reaktanten ist, ist eine Reaktion erster Ordnung. Die Reaktantenordnung für eine Reaktion erster Ordnung ist eins, und gemäß dem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz wird die Konzentration des Reaktanten auf die erste Potenz erhöht.
Da der Wert einer beliebigen Zahl, die hoch eins wird, gleich bleibt, hängt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit einer Reaktion erster Ordnung direkt von der Reaktantenkonzentration ab. Mit abnehmender Reaktantenkonzentration nimmt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit linear proportional ab.
Eine unimolekulare chemische Reaktion, bei der die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit vom Quadrat der Konzentration des Reaktanten abhängt, ist eine Reaktion zweiter Ordnung. Wenn die Reaktantenkonzentration abnimmt, nimmt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit exponentiell quadratisch ab.

geschwindigkeitsgesetz und reaktionsordnung

Die Geschwindigkeit einer Reaktion wird durch die Konzentrationen der Reaktanten beeinflusst. Geschwindigkeitsgesetze (differentielle Geschwindigkeitsgesetze) oder Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen sind mathematische Ausdrücke, die den Zusammenhang zwischen der Geschwindigkeit einer chemischen Reaktion und der Konzentration ihrer Reaktanten beschreiben.

Beispielsweise kann in einer generischen Reaktion aA + bB ⟶ Produkte, bei der a und b stöchiometrische Koeffizienten sind, das Geschwindigkeitsgesetz wie folgt geschrieben werden:

Geschwindigkeit = k[A]^m[B]^n

[A] und [B] stellen die molaren Konzentrationen der Reaktanten dar, und k ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante, die für eine bestimmte Reaktion bei einer bestimmten Temperatur spezifisch ist.

Die Exponenten m und n sind die Reaktionsordnungen und sind typischerweise positive ganze Zahlen, können aber auch Brüche, negative Werte oder Null sein.

Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante k und die Reaktionsordnungen m und n werden experimentell bestimmt, indem beobachtet wird, wie sich die Geschwindigkeit einer Reaktion ändert, wenn sich die Konzentrationen der Reaktanten ändern. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante k ist unabhängig von den Reaktantenkonzentrationen, variiert jedoch mit der Temperatur.

Die Reaktionsordnungen in einem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz beschreiben die mathematische Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit von den Reaktantenkonzentrationen. Unter Bezugnahme auf das generische Geschwindigkeitsgesetz (Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n) ist die Reaktion m^-ter Ordnung in Bezug auf A und n^-ter Ordnung in Bezug auf B. Wenn z. B. m = 1 und n = 2, ist die Reaktion in A erster Ordnung und in B zweiter Ordnung. Die Gesamtreaktionsordnung ist einfach die Summe der Ordnungen für jeden Reaktanten. Für das hier beispielhafte Geschwindigkeitsgesetz ist die Reaktion insgesamt dritter Ordnung (1 + 2 = 3).

Ein üblicher experimenteller Ansatz zur Bestimmung von Geschwindigkeitsgesetzen ist die Methode der Anfangsgeschwindigkeiten. Bei dieser Methode werden Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten für mehrere experimentelle Versuche gemessen, die mit unterschiedlichen anfänglichen Reaktantenkonzentrationen durchgeführt werden. Der Vergleich der gemessenen Geschwindigkeiten dieser Versuche ermöglicht die Bestimmung der Reaktionsordnungen und anschließend der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, die zusammen zur Formulierung eines Geschwindigkeitsgesetzes verwendet werden.

Geschwindigkeitsgesetze können für einige Reaktanten gebrochene Ordnungen aufweisen, und negative Reaktionsordnungen werden manchmal beobachtet, wenn eine Erhöhung der Konzentration eines Reaktanten zu einer Abnahme der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit führt. Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass Geschwindigkeitsgesetze nur durch Experimente bestimmt werden und nicht zuverlässig durch die Reaktionsstöchiometrie vorhergesagt werden können.

Die Reaktionsreihenfolge bestimmt den Zusammenhang zwischen der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und der Konzentration der Reaktanten oder Produkte.

<ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 35px;">
	<li>Bei einer Reaktion nullter Ordnung hat die Konzentration der Reaktanten keinen Einfluss auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, die durchgehend konstant bleibt.</li>
	<li>Bei einer Reaktion erster Ordnung ist die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit direkt und linear proportional zur Änderung der Reaktantenkonzentration. Mit abnehmender Reaktantenkonzentration nimmt auch die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit proportional ab.</li>
	<li>Bei Reaktionen zweiter oder höherer Ordnung ist die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit proportional zum Exponentialwert der Reaktanten. Daher nimmt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit mit fortschreitender Reaktion und abnehmender Konzentration der Reaktanten exponentiell ab.</li>
</ul>

Dieser Text wurde angepasst von<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/12-3-rate-laws#57033">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 12.3: Rate Laws</a>.

Geschwindigkeitsgesetz und Reaktionsordnung

Die Geschwindigkeit einer Reaktion wird durch die Konzentrationen der Reaktanten beeinflusst. Geschwindigkeitsgesetze (Differentialgeschwindigkeitsgesetze) oder Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen sind mathematische Ausdrücke ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

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Organische Chemie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

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how reactant concentration sets reaction rate

Reaction rate depends on reactant concentration, and rate laws show that relationship with a mathematical equation. A rate law, also called a differential rate law or rate equation, links the rate of a chemical reaction to the concentrations of its reactants.

For a generic reaction, a A + b B  products, the rate law can be written as rate = k [A]^m [B]^n. Here, [A] and [B] are the molar concentrations of the reactants. The constant k is the rate constant, and it is specific to one reaction at a specific temperature.

The exponents m and n are the reaction orders. They are usually positive integers, but they can also be fractions, negative values, or zero. If m = 1 and n = 2, the reaction is first order in A and second order in B. The overall reaction order is the sum of the separate orders, so this example is third order overall.

Rate law values are found by experiment, not by stoichiometry. Scientists change the initial reactant concentrations in several trials and measure the reaction rate. This method, called the method of initial rates, helps determine the reaction orders and then the rate constant.

Some reactions show zero-order behavior. In a zero-order reaction, changes in reactant concentration do not change the rate, so the rate stays constant. In a first-order reaction, the rate changes in direct proportion to the reactant concentration. In second-order and higher-order reactions, the rate depends on the concentration raised to an exponent, so the rate drops more sharply as reactants are used up.

Rate laws can also show fractional orders, and some can even show negative orders. A negative order means that increasing one reactant can decrease the reaction rate. These patterns are useful for describing how reaction rate changes in real experiments. They are not reliably predicted from the reaction equation alone, so the rate law must be determined experimentally.

How Reactant Concentration Sets Reaction Rate

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How Reactant Concentration Sets Reaction Rate

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