Name: advanced functional groups in organic chemistry
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Funktionelle Gruppen sind Atome oder Gruppen von Atomen innerhalb einer organischen Verbindung, die charakteristische chemische Eigenschaften verleihen. 
Eine der wichtigsten funktionellen Gruppen in der organischen Chemie ist die funktionelle Gruppe der Carbonyle, die aus einem Kohlenstoffatom besteht, das doppelt an Sauerstoff gebunden ist.
Zwei eng verwandte organische Verbindungen auf Carbonylbasis sind Aldehyde und Ketone. In Aldehyden ist der Carbonylkohlenstoff an eine Alkylgruppe und ein Wasserstoffatom gebunden. Die Ausnahme ist Formaldehyd, bei dem der Carbonylkohlenstoff an zwei Wasserstoffatome gebunden ist.
In Ketonen hingegen ist das Carbonylkohlenstoffatom mit zwei anderen Kohlenstoffatomen innerhalb eines Kohlenwasserstoffgerüsts verbunden.
Die Carbonylgruppe ist Teil vieler größerer funktioneller Gruppen, wie z. B. der Carboxylgruppe der Carbonsäuren, die aus einer Hydroxylgruppe besteht, die an den Carbonylkohlenstoff gebunden ist.
Zu den funktionellen Derivaten von Carbonsäuren gehören Ester, bei denen der Wasserstoff der Carboxylgruppe durch eine Alkylgruppe ersetzt wird, Amide, bei denen das OH der Carboxylgruppe durch ein Amin ersetzt wird, und Acylchloride, bei denen das OH durch ein Chlorid ersetzt wird.
Mehrfachbindungen sind ein Merkmal anderer funktioneller Gruppen, wie z. B. der funktionellen Gruppe von Nitril oder Cyano, wobei ein Kohlenstoffatom dreifach an Stickstoff gebunden ist.
Benzol ist ein aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoff, der oft als sechs Kohlenstoffatome in einem Ring mit abwechselnden Einfach- und Doppelbindungen dargestellt wird. Benzol minus ein Wasserstoff dient als Phenyl – eine funktionelle Gruppe. Eine Hydroxylgruppe, die an den aromatischen Ring auf Phenylbasis gebunden ist, bildet ein Phenol.
Ein Amin ist eine nicht kohlenstoffhaltige funktionelle Gruppe, die durch ein elektronegatives Stickstoffatom mit einem einsamen Elektronenpaar definiert ist, das einfach in einem Kohlenwasserstoffgerüst gebunden ist. Sie werden als primär, sekundär und tertiär klassifiziert, abhängig von der Anzahl der an Stickstoff gebundenen Kohlenstoffatome.
Ebenso weist eine funktionelle Phosphatgruppe ein Phosphoratom auf, das kovalent an vier Sauerstoffatome gebunden ist. Bis zu drei Kohlenwasserstoffketten können an die Sauerstoffatome gebunden werden, die einzeln an den Phosphor gebunden sind, um Organophosphate zu erhalten.

Übersicht über erweiterte funktionelle gruppen

Funktionelle Gruppen sind Gruppen von Atomen mit spezifischen chemischen Eigenschaften, die in organischen Molekülen vorkommen und manchmal als „R“ bezeichnet werden. Funktionelle Gruppen können eine Verbindung „funktionalisieren“, indem sie ihr ermöglichen, unterschiedliche physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften anzunehmen.

Arten fortgeschrittener funktioneller Gruppen

Die folgende Tabelle fasst einige der wichtigsten funktionellen Gruppen in der organischen Chemie zusammen.

<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Klasse organischer Verbindungen </td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Skelettstrukturen von Verbindungen mit funktionellen Gruppen in Rot </td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Namen von Verbindungen </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aromatischer Kohlenwassersubstanz</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phenol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phénol</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phenol (Hydroxybenzol)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aldehyd</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ethanal (Acetaldehyd)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Keton</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aceton</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Säure oder Acylchlorid</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetylchlorid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Carbonsäure</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ethansäure (Essigsäure)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ester</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ethylacetat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Amin</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ethylamin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Amid</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetamid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nitril</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_10.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetonitril</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phosphat</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure11" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Methyldihydrogenphosphat</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Dieser Text wurde angepasst von<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters"> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Abschnitt 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers</a> and <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">Abschnitt 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.</a>

Übersicht über erweiterte funktionelle Gruppen


Funktionelle Gruppen sind Gruppen von Atomen mit spezifischen chemischen Eigenschaften, die in organischen Molekülen vorkommen und manchmal als "R" bezeichnet werden. ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

Organische Chemie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Covalent Bonding and Structure

Kovalente Bindung und Struktur

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

advanced functional groups in organic chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as &quot;R&quot; in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions.

This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called hydroxybenzene. The set also includes aldehydes such as ethanal, or acetaldehyde, and ketones such as acetone.

Other important examples are acid or acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, and phosphates. Acetyl chloride is an acid or acyl chloride. Ethanoic acid, also called acetic acid, is a carboxylic acid, and ethyl acetate is an ester. Ethylamine is an amine, acetamide is an amide, acetonitrile is a nitrile, and methyl dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphate.

These examples show how the same carbon framework can belong to different compound classes depending on the functional group present. The structures in the table highlight the functional group in red so it is easy to identify the key part of each molecule. This content is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, including sections on alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, and carboxylic acids and esters.

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Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

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SC.912.P.8

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Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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