Name: nitrogen cycle in soil and plants
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:06:17.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-6.

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Luftstickstoff ist die größte Stickstoffquelle. Die meisten Lebewesen können Luftstickstoff jedoch nicht direkt aufnehmen, da die Stickstoffatome eine starke Dreifachbindung aufweisen und daher relativ unreaktiv sind.
Daher wandeln die im Boden vorhandenen stickstofffixierenden Bakterien Luftstickstoff in Ammoniak um, eine biologisch nützliche Form.
Ammoniak kann von Pflanzenzellen aufgenommen werden, wo es sich mit Glutamat verbindet, um Glutamin zu produzieren, das weiter in andere Aminosäuren und Nukleotide umgewandelt wird.
Später verzehren Tiere diese Pflanzen und verwenden die Aminosäuren, um ihre eigenen Proteine und Nukleotide zu synthetisieren.
Da Tiere keine großen Pools an Aminosäuren speichern können, werden die aufgenommenen Aminosäuren regelmäßig über den Harnstoffzyklus in Harnstoff aufgespalten.
Harnstoff wird dann über den Urin ausgeschieden, der schließlich wieder in den Boden gelangt.
Später bauen die Bodenbakterien mit Ureaseaktivität den ausgeschiedenen Harnstoff zu Ammoniak ab. Schließlich wandeln die nitrifizierenden und denitrifizierenden Bakterien Ammoniak in gasförmigen Stickstoff um und geben ihn an die Atmosphäre ab.

Überblick über den stickstoffstoffwechsel

Stickstoff ist ein sehr wichtiges Element für das Leben, da er ein Hauptbestandteil von Proteinen und Nukleinsäuren ist. Es ist ein Makronährstoff und wird in der Natur aus organischen Verbindungen recycelt und durch viele Stoffwechselprozesse in Form von Ammoniak, Ammoniumionen, Nitrat, Nitrit oder Stickstoffgas gespeichert. Viele dieser Stoffwechselprozesse werden nur von Prokaryoten durchgeführt.

Der größte im terrestrischen Ökosystem verfügbare Stickstoffvorrat ist gasförmiger Stickstoff (N_2) aus der Luft. Dieser Stickstoff kann jedoch von Pflanzen, die die Hauptproduzenten des Ökosystems sind, nicht genutzt werden. Gasförmiger Stickstoff wird durch den Prozess der Stickstofffixierung in leichter verfügbare Formen wie Ammoniak (NH_3) umgewandelt oder „fixiert“. Zu den stickstofffixierenden Bakterien gehören Azotobacter im Boden und die allgegenwärtigen photosynthetischen Cyanobakterien. Einige stickstofffixierende Bakterien wie Rhizobium leben in symbiotischen Beziehungen in den Wurzeln von Hülsenfrüchten. Eine weitere Ammoniakquelle ist die Ammonifikation, der Prozess, bei dem Ammoniak bei der Zersetzung stickstoffhaltiger organischer Verbindungen freigesetzt wird. Das Ammoniumion wird nach und nach von verschiedenen Bakterienarten in einem Prozess namens Nitrifikation oxidiert. Der Nitrifikationsprozess beginnt mit der Umwandlung von Ammonium in Nitrit (NO_2^-) und setzt sich mit der Umwandlung von Nitrit in Nitrat fort. Die Nitrifikation im Boden erfolgt durch Bakterien der Gattungen Nitrosomas, Nitrobacter und Nitrospira. Der meiste Stickstoff im Boden liegt in Form von Ammonium (NH_4^+) oder Nitrat (NO_3^-) vor. Ammoniak und Nitrat können von Pflanzen genutzt oder in andere Formen umgewandelt werden.

In den Pflanzenzellen verbindet sich Ammoniak mit Glutamat zu Glutamin. Das Glutamin wird dann weiter in andere Aminosäuren und Nukleotide umgewandelt. Später fressen Tiere diese Pflanzen und nutzen die Aminosäuren, um ihre eigenen Proteine und Nukleotide zu synthetisieren. Da Tiere keinen großen Pool an Aminosäuren speichern können, werden die aufgenommenen Aminosäuren regelmäßig in den Zellen abgebaut. Aber freies Ammoniak, das beim Abbau von Aminosäuren freigesetzt wird, ist hochgiftig für Zellen. Überschüssiges Ammoniak wird mithilfe einer Reihe von Reaktionen, die als Harnstoffzyklus bezeichnet werden, in eine ungiftige Form – Harnstoff – umgewandelt. Harnstoff wird dann über den Urin aus dem Körper ausgeschieden und gelangt schließlich wieder in den Boden. Später bauen Bodenbakterien mithilfe des Enzyms Urease den ausgeschiedenen Harnstoff zu Ammoniak ab, das von den Pflanzen wieder aufgenommen werden kann. Wenn Pflanzen und Tiere sterben, wird tatsächlich auch deren Proteingehalt von den Mikroben abgebaut, um Aminosäuren zu produzieren. Die im Boden vorhandenen nitrifizierenden Mikroben wandeln diese Aminosäuren in Nitrit und dann in Nitrat um. Schließlich wandeln die denitrifizierenden Bakterien, bestimmte Archaeen und einige Pilzklassen diese Nitrate wieder in gasförmigen Stickstoff um und geben so Stickstoff an die Atmosphäre zurück.

Dieser Text ist adaptiert von <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/22-5-beneficial-prokaryotes">Openstax, Biology 2e, Section 22.5: Beneficial Prokaryotes</a>

Überblick über den Stickstoffstoffwechsel

Stickstoff ist ein sehr wichtiges Element für das Leben, da er ein Hauptbestandteil von Proteinen und Nukleinsäuren ist. Es ist ein Makronährstoff, und in der Natur ist es ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Introduction to Metabolism

Einführung in den Stoffwechsel

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

nitrogen cycle in soil and plants

Nitrogen moves through soil, plants, animals, and microbes in a cycle that keeps this macronutrient available for life. It is a major part of proteins and nucleic acids, so cells need it to build both amino acids and nucleotides.

In nature, nitrogen is recycled from organic compounds and stored in several forms, including ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen gas. Many of the key steps in this cycle are carried out only by prokaryotes. The largest nitrogen pool in terrestrial ecosystems is gaseous nitrogen from the air, but plants cannot use it directly.

Atmospheric nitrogen must first be fixed into a usable form, such as ammonia, through nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria include Azotobacter in soil and photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, live in the roots of legumes in a symbiotic relationship. Ammonia can also form through ammonification, which releases ammonia during the breakdown of nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

After that, ammonium is oxidized step by step in nitrification. The process starts when ammonium becomes nitrite and then continues when nitrite becomes nitrate. In soils, this work is done by bacteria in the genera Nitrosomas, Nitrobacter, and Nitrospira. Most nitrogen in soil is found as ammonium or nitrate, and plants can use these forms or convert them into others.

Inside plant cells, ammonia combines with glutamate to form glutamine. Glutamine is then converted into other amino acids and nucleotides. Animals eat these plants and use the amino acids to make their own proteins and nucleotides. Because animals cannot store a large pool of amino acids, they break them down regularly, and the ammonia released is highly toxic to cells.

To handle this toxicity, animals convert excess ammonia into urea through the urea cycle. Urea is non-toxic and leaves the body in urine. It then returns to the soil, where bacteria with urease break it down into ammonia again. When plants and animals die, microbes also degrade their proteins into amino acids, which are then converted by nitrifying microbes into nitrite and nitrate. Finally, denitrifying bacteria, certain archaea, and some fungi convert nitrate back to gaseous nitrogen, returning it to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle in Soil and Plants

overview of metabolism

Metabolism in Plants, Animals, and Microbes

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carbohydrate metabolism

Carbohydrates, Digestion, and Blood Sugar

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glycolysis: preparatory phase

Glycolysis: Energy Investment Steps

Glycolysis begins with energy investment steps in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It is the first step in cellular metabolism, which is the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy. In heterotrophic cells, glucose enters by secondary active transport or through GLUT proteins, which are glucose transporter proteins that help glucose diffuse into the cell. The pathway starts with one six-carbon, ring-shaped glucose molecule and ends with two three-carbon molecules...

glycolysis: pay-off phase

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Output

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fates of pyruvate

Pyruvate Pathways in Fermentation

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role of reduced coenzymes nadh and fadh&#8322;

Electron Carriers in Cellular Energy

Electron carriers help store and move energy during nutrient breakdown. Cells can save released energy by reducing these carriers or by making ATP, the cell’s main energy molecule. These mobile electron carriers bind high-energy electrons and shuttle them between compounds in metabolic pathways. The main carriers discussed here come from the B vitamin group and are nucleotide derivatives. They include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and flavin...

overview of nitrogen metabolism

Nitrogen moves through soil, plants, animals, and microbes in a cycle that keeps this macronutrient available for life. It is a major part of proteins and nucleic acids, so cells need it to build both amino acids and nucleotides. In nature, nitrogen is recycled from organic compounds and stored in several forms, including ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen gas. Many of the key steps in this cycle are carried out only by prokaryotes. The largest nitrogen pool in terrestrial...

overview of fatty acid metabolism

Fatty Acids: Energy, Membranes, and Cholesterol

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sugars as energy storage molecules

Glucose Storage in Plants and Animals

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fats as energy storage molecules

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regulation of metabolism

How Cells Control Metabolic Enzymes

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positive and negative feedback loops

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key terms and concepts

Trace how nitrogen is fixed, turned into ammonium and nitrate, used by plants and animals, and returned to the air by microbes in the soil.

Nitrogen Cycle in Soil and Plants | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Zellbiologie veranschaulicht komplexe zelluläre Prozesse in leicht verständlichen und dennoch umfassenden animierten Videolektionen. Diese Sammlung konzentriert sich auf die wesentlichen Bestandteile und Funktionen von Zellen, einschließlich Organellen und Membranen, Zelltransport und Zellenergie. Ergänzt wird sie durch Videos von Wissenschaftlern in Aktion, die die Anwendung der Zellbiologie in realen Forschungsexperimenten demonstrieren.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

coevolution-plant-morphological-anatomical-structures-with-animals-ie

Coevolution of plant morphological and anatomical structures with animals (i.e., pollination), Rhizobium (i.e., nitrogen fixation), and Mycorrhiza (i.e., fungi in rhizosphere).

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HS-LS1-5.

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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Chemistry of Carbohydrates

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Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus to form amino acids and other carbon-based molecules.

Nitrogen Cycle in Soil and Plants

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