Name: dna to protein: rna’s role
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:29:56.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

The Central Dogma

Das zentrale Dogma der Molekularbiologie besagt, dass die in der DNA kodierte Information an die RNA übertragen wird, die dann auf der Grundlage dieser Anweisungen die Synthese von Proteinen steuert.
Zunächst wird bei der Transkription die DNA als Vorlage für die Synthese von Boten-RNA oder mRNA verwendet.
Die mRNA stellt eine Kopie des kodierenden DNA-Strangs dar, mit dem Unterschied, dass die Thymine durch Uracile ersetzt werden.
Als nächstes wird die mRNA durch ein Ribosom in eine Kette von Aminosäuren übersetzt.
Dabei binden Gruppen von drei Nukleotiden auf mRNA, auch Codons genannt, an komplementäre Sequenzen oder Anticodons auf den Transfer-RNA- oder tRNA-Molekülen.
Jede tRNA ist an eine bestimmte Aminosäure gebunden, abhängig vom jeweiligen Codon.
Zum Beispiel bindet das Codon CCA an eine tRNA, die an Prolin gebunden ist, während AGC an eine an Serin gebundene tRNA bindet.
Auf diese Weise gibt der genetische Code die Reihenfolge der Aminosäuren im resultierenden Polypeptid an, das zu einem funktionsfähigen Protein weiterverarbeitet wird.

das zentrale dogma

Das zentrale Dogma erklärt den Fluss der genetischen Information von DNA-Nukleotiden bis zur Aminosäuresequenz von Proteinen.

RNA ist das fehlende Bindeglied zwischen DNA und Proteinen

Im frühen 20. Jahrhundert entdeckten Wissenschaftler, dass die DNA alle für Zellfunktionen erforderlichen Informationen speichert und dass Proteine die meisten dieser Funktionen erfüllen. Allerdings blieben die Mechanismen der Umwandlung genetischer Informationen in funktionelle Proteine viele Jahre lang unbekannt. Ursprünglich glaubte man, dass ein einzelnes Gen direkt in sein kodiertes Protein umgewandelt wird. Zwei entscheidende Entdeckungen in eukaryotischen Zellen stellten diese Theorie in Frage. Erstens findet die Proteinproduktion nicht im Zellkern statt. Zweitens ist DNA außerhalb des Zellkerns nicht vorhanden. Diese Erkenntnisse lösten die Suche nach einem Zwischenmolekül aus, das die DNA mit der Proteinproduktion verbindet. Es wurde festgestellt, dass es sich bei diesem Zwischenmolekül um RNA handelt.

RNA wird im Zellkern unter Verwendung von DNA als Matrize synthetisiert. Die neu synthetisierte RNA ähnelt in ihrer Sequenz dem DNA-Strang, außer dass Thymin durch Uracil ersetzt wird. In Eukaryoten wird dieses Primärtranskript weiterverarbeitet, wobei die nicht-kodierenden Regionen des Proteins entfernt, das 5'-Ende abgedeckt und ein 3'-Poly-A-Schwanz hinzugefügt wird, um reife mRNA zu erzeugen, die dann in das Zytoplasma exportiert wird.

Der genetische Code ist redundant

Proteine werden in Eukaryoten aus 20 Aminosäuren gebildet. Die Kombination von vier Nukleotiden in Dreiergruppen ergibt 64 (43) mögliche Codons. Das bedeutet, dass mehr als ein Codon eine einzelne Aminosäure kodieren kann. Daher wird der genetische Code als redundant oder degeneriert bezeichnet. Oft, aber nicht immer, unterscheiden sich Codons, die dieselben Aminosäuren spezifizieren, nur im dritten Nukleotid des Tripletts. Beispielsweise repräsentieren die Codons GUU, GUC, GUA und GUG alle die Aminosäure Valin. Allerdings ist AUG das einzige Codon, das die Aminosäure Methionin repräsentiert. Das Codon AUG ist auch das Codon, an dem die Proteinsynthese beginnt, und wird daher als Startcodon bezeichnet. Redundanz im System minimiert die schädlichen Auswirkungen von Mutationen. Beispielsweise verändert eine Veränderung an der dritten Position des Codons möglicherweise nicht unbedingt die kodierte Aminosäure und führt somit zu keiner Änderung der Proteinfunktionalität.

Der genetische Code ist universell

Mit wenigen Ausnahmen verwenden die meisten prokaryotischen und eukaryotischen Organismen denselben genetischen Code für die Proteinsynthese. Diese Universalität des genetischen Codes hat Fortschritte in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Landwirtschaft und Medizin ermöglicht. Beispielsweise kann menschliches Insulin heute mithilfe rekombinanter DNA-Technologie in großem Maßstab in Bakterien hergestellt werden. Bei der rekombinanten DNA-Technologie wird genetisches Material verschiedener Arten verwendet. Gene, die für menschliches Insulin kodieren, werden mit bakterieller DNA verbunden und in eine Bakterienzelle eingefügt. Die Bakterienzelle führt dann Transkription und Translation durch, um das menschliche Insulinprotein zu produzieren, das zur Behandlung von Diabetes bei Patienten eingesetzt werden kann.

Das zentrale Dogma

Das zentrale Dogma erklärt den Fluss genetischer Information von DNA-Nukleotiden zur Aminosäuresequenz von Proteinen.
RNA ist das fehlende Bindeglied zwischen ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Zellen, Genome und Evolution

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

dna to protein: rna’s role

DNA to protein flow depends on RNA as the link between genetic information and the amino acids that build proteins. Early scientists knew that DNA stores the information for cell functions and that proteins carry out most of those functions. For a long time, they did not know how the code in DNA became a working protein.

At first, many people thought one gene was changed directly into its protein. Two findings in eukaryotic cells challenged that idea. Protein production does not happen in the nucleus, and DNA is not found outside the nucleus. That led scientists to look for an intermediate molecule that could connect DNA with protein production.

That molecule is RNA. RNA is made in the nucleus using DNA as a template. The new RNA strand is similar to the DNA sequence, except uracil replaces thymine. In eukaryotes, this first RNA copy is processed by removing protein-coding gaps, adding a 5' cap, and attaching a 3' poly-A tail. The finished messenger RNA, or mRNA, then leaves the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm.

The genetic code uses codons, which are three-nucleotide groups that specify amino acids. Because four nucleotides are read in triplets, there are 64 possible codons for 20 amino acids. This makes the genetic code redundant, or degenerate, because more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. Often these codons differ only at the third nucleotide. For example, GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG all code for valine. AUG is the only codon for methionine, and it also serves as the start codon for protein synthesis. Redundancy can reduce the effect of some mutations, especially when a change at the third base does not alter the amino acid.

The genetic code is also mostly universal. With a few exceptions, most prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same code to make proteins. This universality has made genetic research useful in medicine and agriculture. One important example is recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different species. Human insulin genes can be joined to bacterial DNA and put into a bacterial cell. The cell then carries out transcription and translation to make human insulin, which is used to treat diabetes.

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role

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prokaryotic cells

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eukaryotic compartmentalization

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the nucleus

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the central dogma

DNA to protein flow depends on RNA as the link between genetic information and the amino acids that build proteins. Early scientists knew that DNA stores the information for cell functions and that proteins carry out most of those functions. For a long time, they did not know how the code in DNA became a working protein. At first, many people thought one gene was changed directly into its protein. Two findings in eukaryotic cells challenged that idea. Protein production does not happen in the...

mutations

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gene evolution - fast or slow?

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types of genetic transfer between organisms

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

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Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Explore how RNA connects DNA to proteins, how codons work, and why the genetic code matters in mutation protection and recombinant insulin production.

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Zellbiologie veranschaulicht komplexe zelluläre Prozesse in leicht verständlichen und dennoch umfassenden animierten Videolektionen. Diese Sammlung konzentriert sich auf die wesentlichen Bestandteile und Funktionen von Zellen, einschließlich Organellen und Membranen, Zelltransport und Zellenergie. Ergänzt wird sie durch Videos von Wissenschaftlern in Aktion, die die Anwendung der Zellbiologie in realen Forschungsexperimenten demonstrieren.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.P

3.1.9-12.Q

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-1

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance And Variation Of Traits

HS-LS3-1

Biological Evolution: Unity And Diversity

HS-LS4-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Heredity

Cellular genetics

Mutations

Tennessee Academic Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.d

BIO.5

BIO.5.a

BIO.5.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.4

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.9

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

B-LS3-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SB6.c

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LS.Bio.1.3

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DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role

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