Name: vertical and horizontal gene transfer
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:42.000Z
Duration: 2 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity- Inheritance and Variation of Traits

LS.Bio.6.2

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Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Ein genetischer Transfer liegt vor, wenn genetische Informationen von einem Organismus auf einen anderen übertragen werden. 
Es gibt zwei Arten des genetischen Transfers: vertikal und horizontal. 
Der vertikale Gentransfer, der häufigste der beiden, ist die Übertragung genetischer Informationen von einer Generation zur nächsten. 
Vertikaler Gentransfer findet bei sich sexuell fortpflanzenden Organismen statt, bei denen sie etwa die Hälfte der DNA an die Nachkommen weitergeben, und bei ungeschlechtlich fortpflanzenden Organismen, die genetisch identische Nachkommen hervorbringen. 
Horizontaler Gentransfer hingegen tritt auf, wenn genetisches Material von einem Organismus in einen anderen Organismus der gleichen Generation eingeführt wird. 
Bei einigen prokaryotischen Spezies, wie z. B. Bakterien, kann es zu einem horizontalen Gentransfer zwischen verschiedenen Spezies kommen.
Der horizontale Gentransfer in Prokaryoten erfolgt über drei Mechanismen: Transformation, Transduktion und Konjugation. 
Bei der Transformation nimmt eine prokaryotische Zelle nackte DNA aus der Umwelt auf.
Während der Transduktion bauen Viren, in diesem Beispiel Bakteriophagen, die DNA ihres Wirts ab. Kleine Stücke der DNA des Wirts können in die Nachkommen des Bakteriophagen verpackt werden, bevor die Wirtszelle lysiert. 
Die viralen Nachkommen infizieren dann weitere Bakterienzellen und werden so unbeabsichtigt zu Mediatoren der Transduktion.
Bei der Konjugation wird die DNA direkt von einer Zelle auf eine andere übertragen, und zwar über eine Struktur, die als Sex Pilus bezeichnet wird. 
Während die Konjugation eine Form der "Paarung" für asexuell reproduzierende Organismen ist, handelt es sich nicht um echte sexuelle Fortpflanzung, da keine Gameten ausgetauscht oder Nachkommen produziert werden. 
Jeder dieser Mechanismen kann in der Natur beobachtet werden und hat Laboranwendungen.
Zum Beispiel kann die Konjugation verwendet werden, um Antibiotikaresistenz von einem Bakterienstamm auf einen anderen zu übertragen, was zu Stämmen führt, die gegen mehrere Antibiotika resistent sein können.

<ol>
	<li>Arber W. Horizontaler Gentransfer zwischen Bakterien und seine Rolle in der biologischen Evolution. Leben (Basel). 2014; 4(2):217–224. Veröffentlicht 2014 Mai 16. doi:10.3390/life4020217</li>
	<li>Puigbò, Pere, Yuri I. Wolf und Eugene V. Koonin. "Suche nach einem 'Baum des Lebens' im Dickicht des phylogenetischen Waldes." Zeitschrift für Biologie 8.6 (2009): 59.</li>
</ol>

arten des genetischen transfers zwischen organismen

Der genetische Transfer findet statt, wenn genetische Informationen von einem Organismus auf einen anderen übertragen werden. Er erfolgt über zwei Mechanismen: den vertikalen und den horizontalen Gentransfer. Der vertikale Gentransfer tritt auf, wenn genetische Informationen von einer Generation zur nächsten weitergegeben werden, was viel häufiger vorkommt als der horizontale Gentransfer. Sowohl die sexuelle als auch die asexuelle Fortpflanzung sind Formen des vertikalen Gentransfers, bei denen ein oder mehrere Organismen einen Teil oder ihr gesamtes Genom an ihren Nachwuchs weitergeben. Zudem findet der vertikale Gentransfer sowohl bei prokaryotischen als auch bei eukaryotischen Arten statt.

Der horizontale Gentransfer erfolgt, wenn genetische Informationen an ein Mitglied derselben Generation weitergegeben werden und tritt am häufigsten bei prokaryotischen Arten auf. Während der interspezifische horizontale Gentransfer bei Eukaryoten äußerst selten ist, kommt er bei Prokaryoten häufig vor. Der horizontale Gentransfer zwischen verschiedenen Arten ist eine bedeutende Quelle genetischer Vielfalt bei Prokaryoten.

Die meisten prokaryotischen Arten vermehren sich asexuell. Obwohl dies eine schnellere Produktion von Nachkommen ermöglicht, besitzen die Nachkommen eine begrenzte genetische Vielfalt. Der horizontale Gentransfer spielt daher eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Einführung genetischer Vielfalt in Prokaryoten. Durch den horizontalen Gentransfer können Prokaryoten einen kleinen Teil ihres Genoms mit anderen Organismen derselben Generation teilen, sei es kon- oder allospezifisch (derselben oder einer anderen Art). Viele Wissenschaftler vertreten die Ansicht, dass horizontaler Gentransfer und Mutation die bedeutendsten Quellen genetischer Variation bei Prokaryoten sind. Somit liefert der horizontale Gentransfer einen Teil des Rohmaterials, auf das die natürliche Selektion einwirkt.

Ein prominentes Beispiel hierfür ist das Auftreten antibiotikaresistenter Bakterienstämme. Gene, die eine Resistenz gegen ein Antibiotikum verleihen, können zwischen verschiedenen Arten und Stämmen von Bakterien übertragen werden, wodurch die empfangenden Bakterien einen selektiven Vorteil erhalten, wie zum Beispiel penicillinresistente Stämme von Neisseria gonorrhoeae, die Gonorrhö verursachen. Auf einer noch größeren Skala schätzen einige Forscher, dass mindestens 18% des Genoms von E. coli im Laufe von Millionen Jahren der Evolution durch horizontalen Gentransfer erworben wurden.

Arten des genetischen Transfers zwischen Organismen

Ein genetischer Transfer findet statt, wenn genetische Informationen von einem Organismus an einen anderen weitergegeben werden. Es geschieht über zwei Mechanismen: vertikaler Gentransfer und ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Zellen, Genome und Evolution

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

vertical and horizontal gene transfer

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring.

Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things.

Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of reproduction. It can occur between unrelated organisms and helps explain how genes may spread in a population. Together, these transfer types show different paths that DNA can take between organisms.

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

what are cells?

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. A bacterium can be a single cell, while a human is made of trillions of cells. Even with this range, cells share key features that support life. A living cell has a plasma membrane. This is a bilayer of lipids that separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment. A cell also carries genetic information in the form of DNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

the tree of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

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prokaryotic cells

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the nucleus

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gene families

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gene evolution - fast or slow?

Gene Evolution Rates and Selection

Gene evolution can happen at different rates, and natural selection helps shape those changes. Some genes change slowly because important DNA changes are removed over time. Other genes can change more quickly when different mutations are kept in a population. The rate of evolution depends on how a gene is used and how strongly it is affected by selection. Genes with essential jobs often stay more similar across species. Genes under weaker pressure may show more variation and may evolve faster.<br...

types of genetic transfer between organisms

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Explore the two main ways genetic material moves between organisms: vertical gene transfer from parent to offspring and horizontal gene transfer between unrelated organisms.

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Zellbiologie veranschaulicht komplexe zelluläre Prozesse in leicht verständlichen und dennoch umfassenden animierten Videolektionen. Diese Sammlung konzentriert sich auf die wesentlichen Bestandteile und Funktionen von Zellen, einschließlich Organellen und Membranen, Zelltransport und Zellenergie. Ergänzt wird sie durch Videos von Wissenschaftlern in Aktion, die die Anwendung der Zellbiologie in realen Forschungsexperimenten demonstrieren.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.Q

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

Biological Evolution: Unity And Diversity

HS-LS4-1

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Heredity

Mutations

Virginia  Standards of Learning

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BIO.5

BIO.5.b

Next Generation Science Standards

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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LS.Bio.6.1

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Gene Conversion

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LS.Bio.7.1

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Probability Laws

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The Concept of Multiple Allelism

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Analyze and interpret data to explain how polygenic traits result in a wide range of phenotypes.

LS.Bio.7.2

Pleiotropy

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Nature and Nurture

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LS.Bio.7.3

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Analyze and interpret data to compare DNA samples.

LS.Bio.8.1

Understand genetic mechanisms for variation.

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

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