Name: cell adhesion molecules in tissues
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:55:46.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

Zellinteraktionen sind physikalische Kontaktpunkte zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Sie helfen, die Zellen zusammenzuhalten und ermöglichen die Transmembrankommunikation, die für das koordinierte Funktionieren des Gewebes unerlässlich ist.
Stabile Zellinteraktionen finden sich in Geweben wie dem Endothel, wo sie die Gewebeorganisation unterstützen. Umgekehrt helfen schwächere, vorübergehende Wechselwirkungen bei der Rekrutierung frei beweglicher Zellen wie Immunzellen.
Diese Zellinteraktionen materialisieren sich durch spezielle Zelloberflächenproteine, die zusammen als Zelladhäsionsmoleküle oder CAMs bezeichnet werden.
Von den vier Hauptfamilien von CAMs ist die Integrinfamilie an der Interaktion einer Zelle mit der extrazellulären Matrix beteiligt, während die anderen drei Familien an Zell-Zell-Interaktionen beteiligt sind.
An erster Stelle stehen die Cadherine, die stabile Wechselwirkungen eingehen, indem sie Cadherine binden, die auf anderen Zellen exprimiert werden.
An zweiter Stelle stehen die Selektionen. Sie binden spezifische Kohlenhydrate auf der Oberfläche anderer Zellen und bilden transiente Wechselwirkungen.
Und schließlich bilden auch die Immunglobulin-ähnlichen Proteine, die zur Immunglobulin-Superfamilie gehören, vorübergehende Wechselwirkungen, indem sie andere ähnliche Proteine und Integrine an andere Zellen binden.

<ol>
	<li>Harjunpää, Heidi et al. "Zelladhäsionsmoleküle und ihre Rollen und Regulation in der Immun- und Tumormikroumgebung." Frontiers in immunology (2019): 1078.</li>
</ol>

zelladhäsionsmoleküle – typen und funktionen

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Zelladhäsionsmoleküle (CAMs) sind von zentraler Bedeutung für die Vielzelligkeit und das koordinierte Funktionieren von Geweben und Organsystemen. Sie ermöglichen physikalische Interaktionen zwischen Zellen und verleihen Geweben mechanische Festigkeit. Sie fungieren auch als Rezeptoren für die Signalübertragung durch die Plasmamembran. Die CAMs werden grob in vier Familien eingeteilt: Integrine, Cadherine, Selektine und Immunglobulin-ähnliche CAMs (IgCAMs).

CAM-Familien

Die Integrin-Proteinfamilie ist hauptsächlich an der Interaktion einer Zelle mit ihrer umgebenden Matrix beteiligt. Einige Integrine können jedoch CAMs auf der Oberfläche einer anderen Zelle binden und an direkten Zell-Zell-Interaktionen teilnehmen. Beispielsweise binden die Integrine auf Immunzellen IgCAMs, die auf dem Gefäßendothel exprimiert werden.

Cadherine sind eine Superfamilie kalziumabhängiger Glykoproteine, die hauptsächlich an der Bildung starker Zelladhäsionen beteiligt sind. Sie bilden die Adhärenzverbindungen und Desmosomen in Geweben wie dem Epithel.

Selectine und IgCAMs sind an vorübergehenden Zellinteraktionen beteiligt und tragen dazu bei, Zellen zu Zielorten zu lenken. Sie helfen beispielsweise bei der selektiven Rekrutierung von Lymphozyten in die sekundären lymphatischen Organe.

CAM und Mehrzelligkeit

CAMs kommen in praktisch allen mehrzelligen Organismen vor – von Schwämmen und einfachen Nematoden bis hin zu komplexen Wirbellosen und Wirbeltieren. Die Komplexität der zellulären Interaktionen und damit der CAMs nimmt mit der Komplexität der Organismen zu. Während beispielsweise die Fruchtfliege D. melanogaster über etwa 500 Gene verfügt, die an der Zelladhäsion beteiligt sind, verfügen komplexe Wirbeltiere wie Säugetiere über tausend Gene, die für verschiedene Arten von CAMs kodieren.

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Zelladhäsionsmoleküle – Typen und Funktionen

Zelladhäsionsmoleküle (CAMs) sind entscheidend für die Vielzelligkeit und die koordinierte Funktion von Geweben und Organsystemen. Sie ermöglichen es, ...

cell-adhesion-molecules-types-and-functions

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Cell-Cell Interactions

Zell-Zell-Interaktionen

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

cell adhesion molecules in tissues

Cell adhesion molecules help cells stick together and work as part of a tissue. They give multicellular organisms physical strength and also help cells send signals across the plasma membrane. These proteins are important for coordinated activity in tissues and organ systems.

CAMs are grouped into four main families: integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs, or IgCAMs. Each family supports cell interactions in a different way. Some CAMs help cells attach firmly, while others help cells make short-lived contacts and move to the right place.

Integrins mainly help a cell interact with the surrounding matrix, which is the material around cells. Some integrins can also bind CAMs on another cell and take part in direct cell-cell contact. For example, integrins on immune cells bind IgCAMs on the vascular endothelium, the inner lining of blood vessels.

Cadherins are calcium-dependent glycoproteins. They are known for strong cell adhesion and help form adherens junctions and desmosomes in tissues such as epithelium. Selectins and IgCAMs usually support transient cell interactions. They also help guide cells to target sites, such as the selective recruitment of lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs.

CAMs are found in nearly all multicellular organisms, from sponges and simple nematodes to complex invertebrates and vertebrates. As organisms become more complex, their cell interactions and CAM systems also become more complex. For example, D. melanogaster has about 500 genes involved in cell adhesion, while mammals have over a thousand genes that code for different CAMs.

Cell Adhesion Molecules in Tissues

cell adhesion molecules - types and functions

Cell adhesion molecules help cells stick together and work as part of a tissue. They give multicellular organisms physical strength and also help cells send signals across the plasma membrane. These proteins are important for coordinated activity in tissues and organ systems. CAMs are grouped into four main families: integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs, or IgCAMs. Each family supports cell interactions in a different way. Some CAMs help cells attach firmly, while...

structure of cadherins

Cadherins in Cell Junctions and Disease

Cadherins are cell adhesion proteins that help cells stick together and build tissues. Their name comes from their calcium-dependent binding. Early examples were named E-cadherin, P-cadherin, and N-cadherin after the epithelial, placental, and neuronal cells where they were first found. Classical cadherins share similar sequences and structures. Other cadherins, including those involved in cell signaling, are grouped as non-classical cadherins. This diversity comes from multiple cadherin genes...

cadherins in tissue organization

Cadherins Guide Cell Sorting in Tissues

Cadherins help cells sort into the right tissues during development. They are a large superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, with more than 180 variants. Different tissues express specific cadherin combinations, which helps cells recognize and stick to the right neighbors. Cadherins usually bind to the same or a closely related cadherin on another cell. This is called homophilic binding. Because of this matching behavior, cells of the same type tend to group together and form clusters that...

catenins

Catenins in Cell Junctions and Signaling

Catenins help cells stay connected and also support signaling inside the body. These proteins act as linker proteins in cell junction complexes because they have multiple binding domains and flexible structures. Most catenins contain a protein sequence called the armadillo repeat, so they are also known as armadillo proteins. Alpha-catenin is the main exception. Catenins bind to cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins. They then connect cadherins to cytoskeletal proteins, and the exact link...

selectins

Selectins in Immune Cell Capture

Selectins help cells make short, temporary contacts during immune responses. They are cell adhesion molecules that bind carbohydrate ligands on other cells. These rod-like proteins have a long outside region and end in a lectin domain, which binds carbohydrates only when calcium ions are present. Three main selectins are known: L-selectin, P-selectin, and E-selectin. Their names reflect where they are found and how long they are. This tissue specificity helps explain why selectins act in...

immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules

immunoglobulin-like-cell-adhesion-molecules

Ig-CAMs in Neural Growth and Disease

Ig-CAMs, or immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules, are cell surface glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily. They contain immunoglobulin domains, and some also have fibronectin type III domains. Their Ig domains can be glycosylated to different degrees. These molecules can bind to the same kind of Ig-CAM or to other ligands, such as integrins. Most Ig-CAMs help cells stick together only for a short time. The nectin class is different because it helps form stable junctions,...

overview of cell-cell junctions

Cell Junctions in Tissues

Cell junctions help hold tissues together and let neighboring cells communicate. In multicellular organisms, the three-dimensional shape of tissues depends on interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix. Cell-cell junctions are specialized structures made of multi-protein complexes on one cell that connect with similar complexes on another cell. These junctions are grouped into three main types based on function: occluding, anchoring, and gap junctions. Tight junctions, also called...

adherens junctions

Cell Adhesion in Tissues and Infection

Adherens junctions are strong cell-to-cell anchors that help tissues stay connected. These anchoring junctions work with desmosomes, another type of junction that holds adjacent cells together. In many epithelial and endothelial tissues, adherens junctions form a continuous adhesion belt. In heart muscle, they often appear as clusters that help cells work together for coordinated contraction. Adherens junctions are also dynamic, especially in the cells that line blood vessels. These...

tension response at adherens junctions

How Adherens Junctions Sense Force

Adherens junctions help cells stay attached while they respond to mechanical force. These multi-protein complexes can adapt to tensile force and shear stress. When the force changes, mechanosensory proteins in the junction can change shape. This process is called mechanotransduction. Alpha-catenin is one of the main force-sensing proteins in adherens junctions. It is an allosteric protein, which means its shape affects how it works. Alpha-catenin has three VH, or vinculin homology, domains...

desmosomes

Desmosomes and Cell Anchoring

Desmosomes are cell junctions that anchor cells together. They are button-like structures that create an interlinked network of intermediate filaments across cells. This strong link helps tissues resist mechanical stress and maintain tissue integrity. Desmosomes are built from multiple proteins. Their core includes desmosomal cadherins, which are adhesion proteins that bind to cadherins on neighboring cells. The two desmosomal cadherins are desmogleins and desmocollins. These transmembrane...

tight junctions

Tight Junction Proteins and Cell Barriers

Tight junction proteins form seals between neighboring cells. These molecular barriers help stop fluids, ions, and other small solutes from leaking across body cavities and tissue compartments in multicellular organisms. They are an important part of cell barriers in places where controlled movement matters. The main tight junction proteins are claudin and occludin. Other proteins include tricellulin and JAM, which stands for junctional adhesion molecule. Most of these proteins are 4-pass...

gap junctions

Cell Communication Through Gap Junctions

Gap junctions let adjacent animal cells share small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers. These communication channels connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. They are built from many molecular channels, often from a few hundred to thousands in one junction. Each channel is made of two halves called connexon hemichannels. A connexon is a hexamer, meaning it is formed by six transmembrane connexin proteins. The six proteins arrange in a ring and create a pore in the center. One...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cell adhesion molecules help tissues stay strong, guide immune cells, and support cell signaling through four major CAM families.

Cell Adhesion Molecules in Tissues | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Zellbiologie veranschaulicht komplexe zelluläre Prozesse in leicht verständlichen und dennoch umfassenden animierten Videolektionen. Diese Sammlung konzentriert sich auf die wesentlichen Bestandteile und Funktionen von Zellen, einschließlich Organellen und Membranen, Zelltransport und Zellenergie. Ergänzt wird sie durch Videos von Wissenschaftlern in Aktion, die die Anwendung der Zellbiologie in realen Forschungsexperimenten demonstrieren.

Cell Adhesion Molecules in Tissues

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