Name: chromosome and spindle movement in anaphase
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:50.000Z
Duration: 1 min 39 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

Anaphase A and B

Die Chromosomensegregation findet während der Anaphase statt: Wenn sich die Schwesterchromatiden trennen und die einzelnen Chromatiden sich zu den entgegengesetzten Polen der Zelle bewegen.
Die Anaphase-Progression besteht aus zwei unabhängigen, aber sich überschneidenden Prozessen: Anaphase A und Anaphase B.
Während der Anaphase A wirken in Ermangelung der Schwester-Chromatiden-Kohäsion zwei polwärts gerichtete Kräfte auf die Chromosomen.
Die Depolymerisation von Mikrotubuli plus Ende am Kinetochor erzeugt eine polwärts gerichtete Kraft. Der Mikrotubuli-Fluss, der durch die Depolymerisation am Minus-Ende entsteht, erzeugt ebenfalls eine polwärts gerichtete Kraft. Die Kombination dieser beiden polwärts gerichteten Kräfte, begleitet von einer Verkürzung der Kinetochor-Mikrotubuli, zieht die einzelnen Chromatiden in Richtung der Spindelpole.
Wenn sich die Tochterchromosomen in Richtung der Pole bewegen, beginnt Anaphase B, und die Spindelpole werden getrennt, wodurch die Spindel verlängert wird. Die Motorproteine Kinesin-5 und Dynein treiben die Trennung der Spindelpole an.
Kinesin-5-Motorproteine vernetzen die Plusenden überlappender interpolarer Mikrotubuli. Diese nach Plus-Enden gerichteten Motorproteine erzeugen eine Rückwärtskraft entlang der Mikrotubuli, die die Spindelpole auseinander drückt. 
Dynein-Motorproteine verbinden die astralen Mikrotubuli plus Enden mit den Komponenten der Zellrinde. Diese Minus-End-gerichteten Motorproteine erzeugen eine Kraft, die die Spindelpole in Richtung Zellrinde zieht.

<ol>
	<li>Alberts, Bruce. "Molekulare Motoren." Molekularbiologie der Zelle. 4. Auflage. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1. Januar 1970. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/">Quelltext</a>]</li>
	<li>Joglekar, Ajit P, Kerry S Bloom und Ed Salmon. 2010. "Mechanismen der Krafterzeugung durch End-on-Kinetochor-Mikrotubuli-Attachments." Aktuelle Meinung in Cell Biology 22 (1). Elsevier Ltd: 57–67. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822009/">Quelltext</a>]</li>
	<li>Khodjakov, Alexey und Tarun Kapoor. 2005. "Mikrotubuli-Fluss: Wofür ist er gut?" Aktuelle Biologie 15 (23). Elsevier Inc.: R966–R968. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982205013928">Quelle</a>]</li>
</ol>

anaphase a und b

Mikrotubuli entstehen durch die End-zu-End-Polymerisation von Tubulin-Heterodimeren. Kinetochore-Mikrotubuli stammen von den Spindelpolen und ihre Plus-Enden verbinden sich mit den Kinetochoren an den Schwesterchromatiden. Ndc80-Proteinkomplexe, die am Kinetochor vorhanden sind, bilden schwach bindende Verbindungen mit dem Plus-Ende dieser Kinetochore-Mikrotubuli.

Die Depolymerisation am Plus-Ende setzt Tubulin-Heterodimere aus dem terminalen Bereich des Mikrotubulus frei. Während Tubulin-Untereinheiten verloren gehen, lösen sich die Ndc80-Komplexe und setzen sich an Stellen vor dem depolymerisierenden Segment des Mikrotubulus wieder an. Dieser Prozess führt zu einer Verschiebung zum Pol hin, wodurch der Kinetochor und das zugehörige Chromatid zum Spindelpol gezogen werden.

Der Fluss der Mikrotubuli zieht die Chromatiden zu den Spindelpolen.

Die Tubulin-Untereinheiten, die das Mikrotubuli-Gitter bilden, bewegen sich kontinuierlich zum Minus-Ende und zeigen einen auf das Minus-Ende gerichteten Mikrotubuli-Fluss.

Der Mikrotubuli-Fluss entwickelt sich, wenn die kontinuierliche Depolymerisation am Minus-Ende durch kontinuierliche Polymerisation am Plus-Ende ausgeglichen wird. Eine konstante Rate von Depolymerisation und Polymerisation erhält eine feste Mikrotubuli-Länge, während sich die einzelnen Untereinheiten innerhalb des Gitters zum depolymerisierenden Ende hin bewegen.

Kinetochore-Mikrotubuli, die einem Fluss unterliegen, ziehen die Kinetochoren und ihre zugehörigen Chromatiden entlang der Richtung des Flusses zu den Spindelpolen.

Mikrotubuli-Motorproteine – Dynein und Kinesin-5

Dyneine sind auf das Minus-Ende gerichtete Mikrotubuli-Motorproteine. Dyneine verbinden die Plus-Enden der astralen Mikrotubuli mit den zytoskeletalen Komponenten in der Zellkortex, wodurch die Spindelpole innerhalb der Zelle positioniert werden. Die auf das Minus-Ende gerichtete Bewegung von Dyneinen erzeugt eine Kraft, die die Spindelpole zum Zellkortex zieht.

Kinesin-5 sind auf das Plus-Ende gerichtete Motorproteine. Kinesin-5 interagiert mit den Plus-Enden von antiparallelen interpolar Mikrotubuli in der Spindelmitte. Diese Mikrotubuli-Motoren helfen den interpolar Mikrotubuli, aneinander vorbeizugleiten und dabei eine Kraft zu erzeugen, die die Spindelpole auseinanderdrückt.

Anaphase A und B

Mikrotubuli bilden sich durch die Ende-zu-Ende-Polymerisation von Tubulin-Heterodimeren. Kinetochor-Mikrotubuli entspringen den Spindelpolen, und ihre ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Cell Division

Zellteilung

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

chromosome and spindle movement in anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell.

Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell.

These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides. The result is a more even distribution of genetic material before the cell finishes dividing.

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

chromosome-and-spindle-movement-in-anaphase

mitosis and cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

Chromosome copying is an important step in cell division. Before a cell divides, it must make an exact copy of its chromosomes so each new cell can receive the same genetic information. A chromosome is a DNA-containing structure that carries genes. During duplication, the chromosome is copied into two identical sister chromatids. These copies stay attached until the cell is ready to separate them. This process helps ensure that daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes. Accurate...

cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

Cohesins are protein complexes that help hold sister chromatids together after DNA is copied. They play a key role in cell division by keeping the two copies of a chromosome connected until the right time. These proteins act like a link between the sister chromatids. When the cell is ready to separate them, cohesins must be removed or released so each new cell can get one complete set of chromosomes. Cohesins are an important part of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Their...

condensins

Condensin Proteins in Chromosome Packing

Condensin proteins help pack DNA into condensed chromosomes during cell division. They are part of the larger set of proteins that organize genetic material so it can be separated correctly when a cell divides. These proteins act by shaping and tightening chromosome structure. This process is important because DNA must be compacted before it can move through the stages of division. Condensins are therefore closely linked to chromosome condensation, the step that makes chromosomes more compact...

the mitotic spindle

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits. The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is a key...

centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

The spindle assembly checkpoint helps cells verify that chromosomes are attached to the spindle before division continues. It acts as a safety step during cell division and helps prevent errors in chromosome separation. This checkpoint is controlled by kinetochores, which are protein structures on chromosomes that connect to spindle fibers. If a chromosome is not attached correctly, the checkpoint can delay progression until the problem is fixed. Once the attachment is correct, the cell can...

anaphase a and b

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

The contractile ring helps cells divide at the end of cell division. It forms at the cell's center and tightens to split one cell into two. This process is part of cytokinesis, the stage when the cytoplasm divides. The ring is made of actin and myosin, two proteins that can work together to create force. As the ring contracts, it draws the cell membrane inward. This pinch helps separate the two daughter cells. Understanding the contractile ring is important for studying how cells complete...

determining the plane of cell division

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how anaphase A and anaphase B move chromosomes apart during cell division, with sister chromatids separating and spindle poles shifting to opposite sides.

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Zellbiologie veranschaulicht komplexe zelluläre Prozesse in leicht verständlichen und dennoch umfassenden animierten Videolektionen. Diese Sammlung konzentriert sich auf die wesentlichen Bestandteile und Funktionen von Zellen, einschließlich Organellen und Membranen, Zelltransport und Zellenergie. Ergänzt wird sie durch Videos von Wissenschaftlern in Aktion, die die Anwendung der Zellbiologie in realen Forschungsexperimenten demonstrieren.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

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Interphase

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The Cell Cycle Control System

Positive Regulator Molecules

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Cohesins

Condensins

The Mitotic Spindle

Centrosome Duplication

Spindle Assembly

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

Separation of Sister Chromatids

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

Anaphase Promoting Complex

The Contractile Ring

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

The Phragmoplast

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

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DNA Packaging

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Organization of Genes

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3.1.9-12.P

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What is Meiosis?

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3.1.9-12.Q

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

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