Name: how the kidneys adjust urine volume
Uploaded: 2024-12-20T14:49:37.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Absorption And Excretion

Urinary System

Regulation of Water Output

The human kidneys usually excrete approximately 500 mL of water daily along with about 600 mmol of urinary solutes. Due to this obligatory water loss, humans cannot survive without it.
Excretion of excess water begins about 30 minutes after consumption, peaking at around 1 hour and dropping to its lowest after 3 hours.
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH, maintains the osmolality of extracellular fluid and regulates water excretion.
Low ADH levels result in dilute urine and reduced body fluid volume. In contrast, high ADH levels lead to the reabsorption of almost all the filtered water and the excretion of concentrated urine.
If the extracellular fluid osmolality decreases, ADH release is inhibited, resulting in the excretion of dilute urine.
Significant changes in blood volume or pressure can also affect ADH secretion. For instance, a decrease in blood pressure can increase ADH release.
In cases of excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, severe blood loss, traumatic burns, and prolonged fevers, ADH release is triggered, which causes arterioles to constrict and raise blood pressure.

regulation of water output

The human body predominantly expels water through the urinary system. On average, an individual generates around 1.5 liters of urine each day. This amount can fluctuate based on how well a person is hydrated, but a critical minimum quantity of urine must be produced to ensure the body&#39;s proper functioning. Daily, the kidneys remove 600 to 1200 milliosmoles of dissolved substances, effectively excreting excess minerals and water-soluble toxins such as creatinine, urea, and uric acid from the body. If the urine produced doesn&#39;t meet the essential threshold, metabolic byproducts like creatinine and urea may accumulate, potentially compromising the functionality of various organs. The minimal urine output needed to sustain healthy body operations is approximately 0.5 liters daily.
Additionally, the renal system is adaptive and can manage situations where there is excessive fluid intake. The excretion of urine beyond the average volume, or diuresis, commences roughly half an hour after consuming a large volume of liquid. This process hits its maximum level around an hour later, and then urine production typically returns to its regular rate after three hours.
ADH or vasopressin plays a crucial role in the body&#39;s water regulation by influencing the kidneys&#39; ability to retain water. It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland, ready for release when the body&#39;s osmoreceptors detect an elevated solute concentration in the blood. The hormone acts by inducing vasoconstriction, which diverts blood to vital organs, and by triggering the transfer of aquaporin water channels to the cell surfaces of renal collecting ducts. This mechanism enhances water reabsorption, reducing water loss in urine. Conversely, when solute levels in the blood fall, the production of ADH drops, aquaporins retreat from the tubule walls, and water reabsorption diminishes, resulting in increased urine output.

The human kidneys usually excrete approximately 500 mL of water daily along with about 600 mmol of urinary solutes. Due to this obligatory water loss, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

how the kidneys adjust urine volume

The kidneys adjust urine volume to keep water balance stable and remove dissolved wastes. The human body mainly loses water through the urinary system. On average, a person makes about 1.5 liters of urine each day. This amount changes with hydration, but the body still needs a minimum urine output to function well.

Each day, the kidneys remove about 600 to 1200 milliosmoles of dissolved substances. This process helps excrete extra minerals and water-soluble wastes such as creatinine, urea, and uric acid. If urine output drops below the needed level, these metabolic byproducts can build up. That buildup may interfere with the function of different organs. A healthy minimum urine output is about 0.5 liters per day.

The renal system can also respond when someone drinks a large amount of water. This extra urine production is called diuresis. It usually begins about 30 minutes after a large fluid intake. It reaches its highest level about an hour later. After about three hours, urine production usually returns to its normal rate.

ADH, or vasopressin, is a key hormone in water control. It is made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland until the body needs it. Osmoreceptors detect a rise in blood solute concentration and trigger ADH release. ADH causes vasoconstriction, which redirects blood to vital organs, and it moves aquaporin water channels to the surface of cells in the renal collecting ducts.

Aquaporins help water move back into the body, so this response increases water reabsorption and lowers water loss in urine. When blood solute levels fall, ADH production decreases. Aquaporins then move away from the tubule walls. Water reabsorption drops, and urine output increases.

How the Kidneys Adjust Urine Volume

body water content and fluid compartments

body-water-content-and-fluid-compartments

Body Water Balance and Fluid Compartments

Body water balance depends on how water is distributed among the body’s fluid compartments. Life’s chemical reactions take place in watery solutions. These solutions contain dissolved substances called solutes. In the human body, solutes include proteins, such as those involved in clotting and carbohydrate transport, and electrolytes. An electrolyte is a mineral ion from a salt that carries an electric charge. Sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) are examples. Water moves through the body...

composition of body fluids

Body Fluid Solutes and Ion Balance

Body fluids are made of water plus dissolved solutes, including electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Water acts as the main solvent, so it can carry many different substances in solution. These dissolved materials help determine how fluid moves between body compartments. Non-electrolytes are usually held together by covalent bonds, so they do not break apart into charged particles in water. They are often organic molecules such as glucose, creatinine, and urea. Electrolytes are compounds that do...

fluid movement between compartments

How Pressure and Transport Move Body Fluids

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure drive fluid movement between body compartments. Hydrostatic pressure is the force a fluid applies against a surface. In blood vessels, it comes from the heart’s pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, capillary blood pressure is higher than colloid osmotic pressure. Colloid osmotic pressure is created mainly by plasma proteins such as albumin. This pressure difference pushes plasma and nutrients out of the capillaries and into the...

regulation of water intake

How the Body Detects Dehydration

The body detects dehydration by tracking plasma osmolality and blood volume. Plasma osmolality is the number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. It reflects hydration status, so the body uses it to help keep fluid balance stable. Water loss through breath, sweat, or urine usually comes from blood plasma first. When solute concentration in the blood rises, the thirst response begins. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor plasma osmolality. If osmolality gets too high,...

The kidneys adjust urine volume to keep water balance stable and remove dissolved wastes. The human body mainly loses water through the urinary system. On average, a person makes about 1.5 liters of urine each day. This amount changes with hydration, but the body still needs a minimum urine output to function well. Each day, the kidneys remove about 600 to 1200 milliosmoles of dissolved substances. This process helps excrete extra minerals and water-soluble wastes such as creatinine, urea, and...

disorder of water balance

Water Imbalance Disorders

Water imbalance disorders happen when the body has too little or too much water, or when water and salts are no longer in normal balance. These changes disrupt homeostasis, the body’s stable internal condition. The main outcomes include dehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, and water intoxication. Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids, especially water. Common causes include heavy sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis, which means increased urine output.

roles of electrolytes: sodium and potassium

roles-of-electrolytes-sodium-and-potassium

Sodium, Potassium, and Body Balance

Sodium and potassium help keep the body in balance. Sodium is the main cation, or positively charged ion, in the extracellular fluid. Potassium is the main cation inside cells. Together, they support fluid levels, electrical activity, and normal body function. Sodium balance is mainly controlled by the kidneys. The kidneys adjust how much sodium is removed so it matches dietary intake and helps keep electrolyte levels stable. Sodium is found in salts such as sodium chloride and sodium...

roles of electrolytes: chloride and bicarbonate

roles-of-electrolytes-chloride-and-bicarbonate

Chloride and Bicarbonate in Body Balance

Chloride and bicarbonate help the body keep fluids and pH in balance. Both are important anions, or negatively charged ions, in human blood and body fluids. Chloride helps create the osmotic pressure gradient between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). It also helps balance positively charged ions in the ECF and supports electrochemical stability. In the kidneys, chloride absorption and release usually follow the same pattern as sodium. Low chloride levels, called...

roles of electrolytes: calcium and phosphate

roles-of-electrolytes-calcium-and-phosphate

Calcium and Phosphate Balance in the Body

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes that help the body stay in balance. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. About 99% of it is stored in the skeleton and teeth, where it combines with phosphate to form mineral salts. Calcium also supports blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone, and the excitability of nervous and muscle tissue. Blood calcium levels are mainly controlled by parathyroid hormone, or PTH. When calcium in blood plasma drops, PTH is...

regulation of sodium and potassium

Hormones That Balance Blood Ions

Hormones help control sodium and potassium levels in the body. Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) work together to keep these ions in a safe range. Sodium ions make up about 90% of the cations outside cells. Normal blood plasma sodium is about 136–148 mEq/L. When blood volume and pressure drop, granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) release renin. This can happen with reduced kidney blood flow, sympathetic nerve activity, or low sodium...

acid-base balance

How Body Systems Control Blood pH

The body keeps blood pH in a narrow range through acid-base balance. This control matters because changes in hydrogen ion concentration can disturb cell membrane stability, alter protein shape, and change enzyme activity. Small shifts in pH can affect normal body function. Arterial blood normally has a pH of 7.4. Venous blood and interstitial fluid are about 7.35, while intracellular fluid averages 7.0. If arterial blood pH rises above 7.45, the condition is called alkalosis. If it drops below...

buffer systems in the body

Body pH Control with Chemical Buffers

Chemical buffers help control pH in the body. They stabilize acid and base changes by neutralizing strong acids or bases. When pH drops, hydrogen ions bind to a weak base. When pH rises, hydrogen ions are released. This keeps body fluids within a narrow pH range that is needed for normal function. A buffer system usually includes a weak acid and its matching anion, which acts as a weak base. These compounds only partially dissociate in solution, so they stay in equilibrium with their...

protein buffers in blood plasma and cells

protein-buffers-in-blood-plasma-and-cells

How Hemoglobin Buffers Blood pH

Protein buffers help keep blood pH stable. Amino acids can act as acids or bases because they can accept or release hydrogen ions when pH changes. These buffer systems are especially important in the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid of active cells, where structural and functional proteins add strong buffering power. Some amino acids can exist as zwitterions at a certain pH. A zwitterion carries both positive and negative charges at the same time. When pH rises, the carboxyl group...

phosphate buffer

How Phosphate Buffers Keep pH Steady

The phosphate buffer system helps keep pH stable in the body. It uses two phosphate salts: sodium dihydrogen phosphate, which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate, which acts as a weak base. Together, they help resist large pH changes in biological fluids. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base such as sodium hydroxide is added, it donates a proton. This forms water and sodium hydrogen phosphate: NaH2PO4 + OH- →...

bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer

How the Body Recycles CO2 to Balance pH

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps keep body pH stable by using carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate ions. It works through a reversible equilibrium: H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3-. In this system, bicarbonate ions act as weak bases, and carbonic acid acts as a weak acid. When hydrogen ion levels rise and pH drops, the balance shifts to the left. Hydrogen ions are converted into carbonic acid. Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme, quickly changes carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and...

respiratory regulation of acid-base balance

respiratory-regulation-of-acid-base-balance

How Breathing Restores Blood pH

Breathing helps restore blood pH by changing carbon dioxide levels in the blood. This process is called respiratory compensation. It works with the body’s acid-base balance, which keeps plasma pH stable. Most carbon dioxide dissolves in blood and becomes carbonic acid. Carbonic acid then breaks apart into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. Because of this, carbon dioxide and pH have an inverse relationship. When carbon dioxide rises, more hydrogen ions form and blood pH falls. This can cause...

renal regulation of acid-base balance

How the Kidneys Remove Extra Acid

The kidneys remove extra acid to help keep body fluids at the right pH. Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid. That creates an acid load of about 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight each day. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this load. Kidney tubules move H+ into the tubular fluid in two main places. In the proximal convoluted tubules, or PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+. The collecting ducts also secrete...

disorders of acid-base balance

Blood pH Imbalance in Acidosis and Alkalosis

Blood pH must stay in a narrow range between 7.35 and 7.45. When it drops below 7.35, the body is in acidosis. When it rises above 7.45, the body is in alkalosis. These changes can come from respiratory or metabolic causes. Respiratory acidosis happens when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, or PCO2, rises in the blood. Shallow breathing or poor gas exchange can cause this buildup. Pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema are examples of conditions that may lead to carbon dioxide...

compensation mechanisms

Blood pH Control by Lungs and Kidneys

Blood pH control depends on respiratory and renal compensation. These responses help correct acidosis, when blood pH falls below 7.35, and alkalosis, when blood pH rises above 7.45. The body uses the lungs or the kidneys, depending on where the imbalance starts. Respiratory compensation corrects pH problems caused by metabolism by changing the breathing rate. It begins within minutes after a pH change is detected and works best within hours. In metabolic acidosis, the body hyperventilates, or...

diagnosing acidosis and alkalosis

Using Blood Gases to Spot Acid-Base Imbalance

Blood gas analysis can reveal acid-base imbalance by checking pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−), and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) in arterial blood. These three measurements show whether the blood is too acidic or too basic and help point to the cause. The first step is to check pH. A normal pH is 7.35 to 7.45. A pH below this range means acidosis, and a pH above it means alkalosis. The next step is to compare PCO2 and HCO3− to see which value is driving the pH change. A change in PCO2...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the kidneys control urine volume, remove wastes, and use ADH and aquaporins to conserve or release water based on hydration levels.

How the Kidneys Adjust Urine Volume | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Major Organs of the Digestive System

The human digestive system consists of two major parts: the gastrointestinal &#8212; GI &#8212; tract and the accessory organs.
The GI tract begins with ...

Peritoneum

The peritoneum is the body&#39;s largest serous membrane enveloping the abdominal cavity.
It has two portions &#8212; the parietal and visceral peritoneum ...

histology-of-the-gastrointestinal-gi-tract

Histology of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

The gastrointestinal tract has four tissue layers.
The innermost layer, mucosa, is characterized as a mucous membrane. It consists of an epithelium, ...

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

The gastrointestinal tract has its own intrinsic set of nerves forming the enteric nervous system or ENS,&#160; which is partly controlled by the ...

Regulation of the Digestive System

Along with the enteric nervous system, digestive activity is regulated by mechanical and chemical stimuli and hormones.
Various receptors located within ...

Blood Supply to the Digestive System

Splanchnic circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply and drain blood from the abdominal organs involved in digestion, including the ...

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or mouth, comprises the lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue.
The walls of the mouth are lined with thick, stratified squamous epithelium, ...

Tongue

The tongue, an accessory digestive organ, forms the floor of the oral cavity and extends into the oropharynx.
It is composed of two types of skeletal ...

Salivary Glands and Saliva

Saliva is composed of 97 to 99.5% water. The remaining proportion includes enzymes such as lipases and amylases, electrolytes, dissolved gasses, IgA, ...

Teeth

Teeth are accessory digestive organs that aid in physically breaking down food.
&#160;The gums, or gingivae, of both the mandible and maxilla hold the ...

Tooth Anatomy

The tooth has a crown and a root connected via a constricted area known as the neck.
The crown is visible above the gingivae and is protected by enamel.
...

Esophagus

The esophagus is a muscular conduit approximately 25 cm long that helps transport food from the mouth to the stomach.
It courses through the mediastinum ...

Deglutition

Deglutition, or swallowing, is a mechanism that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.
This process has three stages &#8212; the buccal, ...

Gross Anatomy of the Stomach

The stomach is a J-shaped organ connecting the esophagus to the duodenal end of the small intestine in the abdominal cavity.
The size and shape of the ...

Stomach Histology

The stomach wall consists of several layers, including the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa.
The outermost layer, the serosa, is composed ...

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

The specialized enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands secrete most of the digestive hormones.
These cells, such as the G, D, and ...

Cephalic Phase of Digestion

Digestion has three overlapping phases &#8212; cephalic, gastric, and intestinal &#8212; based on the location of their control center.
The cephalic phase ...

Gastric Phase of Digestion

Local, neural and hormonal mechanisms trigger the gastric phase after food enters the stomach, lasting approximately 3-4 hours.
The incoming food bolus ...

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Prominent liver and gallbladder diseases include cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD, and gallstones.
Cirrhosis is a liver ...

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

After the gastric phase, the chyme from the stomach moves into the small intestine, gradually decreasing the stomach distention.
In contrast, the arrival ...

Pancreas

The pancreas is a pinkish-gray organ located behind the stomach. It extends from the duodenum to the spleen.
It can be divided into a broad head located ...

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

In the gastric glands, the parietal cells are involved in hydrochloric acid or HCl formation.
These cells first synthesize carbonic acid, which ...

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic juice is a colorless liquid composed of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes secreted by the exocrine cells.
During digestion, chyme ...

Gastric Motility

Gastric motility is the coordinated movement of stomach muscles and secretions, which propels food and liquids through the stomach.
As the swallowed food ...

Small Intestine

The small intestine is a tubular structure extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve of the large intestine.
This long, ...

Gastric Emptying

Gastric emptying is the gradual release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.
Stomach distention triggers the gastroenteric reflex, releasing ...

Histology of the Small Intestine

The histology of each part of the small intestine varies. The jejunum has the most prominent folds and villi, while the distal ileum has fewer folds but ...

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

The liver is the largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 1.4 kg in adults.
It is wedge-shaped and located more in the right hypochondriac and ...

mechanical-and-chemical-digestion-in-the-small-intestine

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

The small intestine plays a crucial role in our digestive system, performing both mechanical and chemical digestion.
Mechanical digestion in the small ...

Liver Histology

The liver comprises several histological components, such as hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and sinusoids.
Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells ...

Large Intestine

The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small ...

Bile

Bile is a yellow-green alkaline liquid secreted by the liver into the right and left hepatic ducts and then into the common hepatic duct. From here, it ...

Histology of the Large Intestine

The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. ...

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a muscular sac located in a shallow fossa on the inferior surface of the liver. It measures about 10 cm in length and is roughly the ...

Bacterial Flora of the Large

Intestine

The vast and varied community of bacteria colonizing the large intestine forms the gut microbiome.
Bacteria start residing in the gut at birth and ...

Liver Physiology

Liver functions primarily include bile production, metabolic regulation, and hematological functions.
During carbohydrate metabolism, the liver regulates ...

digestive-functions-of-the-large-intestine

Digestive Functions of the Large Intestine

The final stages of digestion occur in the large intestine when the cecum receives chyme, which has little nutritional value except for the indigestible ...

Absorption of Nutrients

During digestion in the small intestine, macromolecules&#8212; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats &#8212; are broken down into their simplest forms.
These ...

Feces Formation and Defecation

After spending 3 to 10 hours in the large intestine, chyme loses a lot of water and becomes feces, the final product of digestion. Feces consist of ...

Other Disorders of Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tract of the digestive system is susceptible to various disorders.
The incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter results in the ...

Digestive System

Content elaboration: The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) as well as various accessory organs including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system processes and supplies the molecules needed to sustain the living tissues within the body through the absorption of nutrients. Six major functions of the digestive system include secretion, ingestion, mechanical processing, enzymatic digestion, absorption and excretion. The lining of the digestive system protects surrounding tissues from the mechanical and enzymatic stresses of the digestive process. Processes of the digestive system include the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules which are then absorbed by the digestive tract. Specific actions within the digestive system include mastication, peristalsis, segmentation and the release of hormones and enzymes necessary for digestion. The metabolic functions of the accessory organs play strategic roles in the breakdown of food products, the maintenance of glucose levels within the blood and the regulation of homeostasis in the body. Indigestible material is excreted as waste. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, conditions such as gallstones, heartburn, ulcers, dehydration, diarrhea, cirrhosis and cancers of the digestive system. Investigations are used to understand and explain the digestive system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Digestive System

Overview of Respiratory System

The respiratory system includes both upper and lower respiratory organs.
The upper respiratory organs consist of the nose and nasal cavity, paranasal ...

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). ...

Pharynx

The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented ...

Larynx

The larynx or voice box connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea.
It includes unpaired thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and the epiglottis, as ...

Trachea

The trachea or windpipe begins at the larynx and extends into the mediastinum, bifurcating into two main bronchi in the mid-thorax region.
The tracheal ...

The Bronchial Tree

The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let&#39;s ...

Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

Within a pulmonary lobule, the terminal bronchioles branch into microscopic respiratory bronchioles, which conduct air to the respiratory zone of the ...

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known ...

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement ...

pressure-relationships-in-thoracic-cavity

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

Healthy respiration in humans requires proper air pressure levels in different respiratory organs.
These pressures are expressed relative to the ...

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation

Pulmonary ventilation is a vital process that ensures the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. It refers to the movement of air into and ...

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

Exhalation &#8212; the process of expelling air &#8212; during quiet breathing in healthy individuals relies on the elasticity of the lungs rather than ...

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Breathing is influenced by the alternating pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, ...

Respiratory System

Content elaboration: The respiratory system is comprised of the airways, lungs and diaphragm. The airways include the nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. The respiratory system transports and exchanges gases including oxygen and carbon dioxide. Processes involved in the respiratory system include respiration mechanics and gas exchange. Respiration mechanics is the process by which humans breathe and includes the movement of the diaphragm and pressure-volume relationships. Gas exchange refers to the diffusion of gas across the alveolar epithelium in the respiratory system and capillary endothelium of the cardiovascular system. Lung volumes and capacities can be measured using spirometry. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis and the effects of smoking and pollution. Investigations are used to understand and explain the respiratory system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Respiratory System

How the Kidneys Adjust Urine Volume

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards