Name: tb testing: skin test and follow-up
Uploaded: 2024-10-25T15:12:23.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

Diagnosing tuberculosis involves a series of tests.
The initial method is the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, which entails injecting a small amount of tuberculin-purified protein derivative intradermally into the forearm.
The development of a hard, raised bump known as induration within 48-72 hours may suggest a tuberculosis infection.
For individuals with HIV and those who have recently been in contact with tuberculosis patients, an induration of 5 millimeters or more is considered positive.
Regardless of risk factors, an induration of 15 millimeters or more is considered positive.
Next, interferon-gamma release assays involve blood tests that assess the immune system&#39;s response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Additionally, a chest X-ray revealing upper lobe infiltrates, cavitations, or mediastinal lymphadenopathy can provide indications of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Sputum culture is used to identify the bacteria by collecting and cultivating a sputum sample in a laboratory.
Finally, CT or MRI can aid in the diagnostic process for detecting extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

pulmonary tuberculosis iv

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has limitations as it cannot differentiate between latent TB infection and active TB disease. Furthermore, two visits to a healthcare facility are required for the test and results interpretation.
In the TST, a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is intradermally injected into the forearm. After 48 to 72 hours, the individual returns for examination, during which the healthcare provider measures the induration size, a hard, raised bump in millimeters, disregarding redness.
Interpretation of the TST results depends on induration size and the individual&#39;s risk factors for TB. A positive result (5 mm or more) is observed in individuals with HIV, recent TB contacts, those with chest radiographs consistent with prior TB, and patients with immunosuppressive conditions or organ transplants. Higher-risk groups, including recent immigrants from high TB prevalence countries, intravenous drug users, residents of high-risk settings, and children under four, consider an induration of 10 mm or more as positive. For individuals with no known risk factors, 15 mm or more is considered positive. The TST is a screening tool; a positive result prompts further testing to confirm active TB disease.
If an individual is experiencing symptoms of TB, it is crucial that healthcare providers perform other diagnostic tests immediately to ensure a timely and accurate diagnosis.
These additional diagnostic tests include Interferon Gamma Release Assays, which measure the immune system&#39;s response to TB bacteria; chest X-rays, which reveal lung damage; sputum culture, which cultivates TB bacteria from lung mucus; nucleic acid amplification testing, a rapid molecular test; and computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which are crucial for detecting extrapulmonary TB.

Diagnosing tuberculosis involves a series of tests.
The initial method is the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, which entails injecting a small amount of ...

Education

JoVE Core

Medical-Surgical Nursing

Unit 1

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

tb testing: skin test and follow-up

Tuberculosis testing starts with the tuberculin skin test, or TST, also called the Mantoux test. TB is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body. Because TB can be severe and spread widely, early and accurate diagnosis is important.

The TST is the standard screening test for TB, but it has limits. It cannot tell latent TB infection from active TB disease. It also requires two visits to a healthcare facility. During the test, a small amount of purified protein derivative, or PPD tuberculin, is injected into the skin of the forearm.

The person returns 48 to 72 hours later for the result check. A healthcare provider measures the induration, which is the hard, raised bump, in millimeters. Redness is not counted. The result is then read using the person’s TB risk factors.

A skin test is considered positive at 5 mm or more for people with HIV, recent TB contacts, chest radiographs that show signs of prior TB, or conditions that suppress the immune system, including organ transplants. For higher-risk groups, such as recent immigrants from countries with high TB rates, intravenous drug users, residents of high-risk settings, and children under four, 10 mm or more is positive. For people with no known risk factors, 15 mm or more is positive.

The TST is a screening tool, so a positive result leads to more testing to check for active TB disease. If a person has TB symptoms, other tests should be done right away. These may include interferon gamma release assays, which measure the immune response to TB bacteria, chest X-rays that show lung damage, sputum culture from lung mucus, nucleic acid amplification testing, and CT or MRI for extrapulmonary TB, which means TB outside the lungs.

TB Testing: Skin Test and Follow-Up

pneumonia i: introduction

Pneumonia Risk Factors and Types

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs, especially the alveoli. These tiny air sacs normally help with oxygen exchange. When they fill with pus and fluid, breathing becomes harder, oxygen absorption drops, and chest pain or discomfort can occur during breathing. Several factors raise the risk of pneumonia. Infants, children under two, and adults over 65 are more vulnerable because their immune systems are less robust. Smoking also increases risk by weakening the...

pneumonia ii: pathophysiology

Pneumonia: Lung Inflammation and Gas Exchange

Pneumonia affects the lungs by causing inflammation in the lower respiratory tract. It usually begins when bacteria, viruses, or fungi are inhaled or aspirated into the airways and reach the lungs. The respiratory tract normally has defenses that help stop infection. Mucociliary clearance moves trapped material out of the airways, and the cough reflex helps remove irritants. If these defenses are weakened, or if the pathogen is highly virulent, the infection can take hold. Once the organisms...

pneumonia iii: complications and assessment

pneumonia-iii-complications-and-assessment

Pneumonia Complications and Diagnosis

Pneumonia can lead to several serious complications, and doctors also use a step-by-step process to diagnose it. Knowing these complications and tests helps explain why early assessment matters. Complications can affect the lungs, nearby tissue, and even the whole body. Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the lining around the lungs, and it can cause chest pain and discomfort. Pleural effusion is fluid buildup in the pleural space. Atelectasis is a partial collapse of a lung lobe that can...

pneumonia iv: management

Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery

Pneumonia treatment depends on the cause and how severe the illness is. Care plans combine medicine with supportive care to help the lungs heal and to lower the risk of complications. For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics are the main treatment. Doctors often start with empirical antibiotics, which means medicine chosen before the exact germ is confirmed, and then adjust the drug after culture results. For community-acquired pneumonia, common choices include amoxicillin, doxycycline, or...

pneumonia v: nursing management and prevention

pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

Pneumonia Care: Airway, Rest, and Hydration

Pneumonia care focuses on keeping the airway open, supporting rest, and helping the patient stay hydrated and nourished. Nursing care also includes patient teaching and strict medical asepsis, which means careful clean technique to reduce healthcare-associated infections. Airway patency is a major priority. The patient should be positioned to help drain affected lung segments, and percussion and vibration may be used to loosen secretions. Nurses also encourage ambulation, upright sitting, deep...

pulmonary tuberculosis i

Pulmonary TB Transmission and Risk

Pulmonary tuberculosis, or TB, is a contagious illness caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually affects the lung parenchyma, which is the tissue of the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body. The main germ is a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light. Rarely, Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium can also contribute to TB infection. TB spreads through respiratory droplets that are released when an infected...

pulmonary tuberculosis ii

How TB Spreads and Becomes Active

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually affects the lungs, which is called pulmonary tuberculosis, but it can also spread to other organs. That wider spread is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. TB starts when a person inhales droplet nuclei that contain M. tuberculosis. These tiny particles can enter the air when someone with pulmonary or laryngeal TB coughs, sneezes, or speaks. The bacteria then reach the alveoli, the small air...

pulmonary tuberculosis iii

Tuberculosis Types and Disease Stages

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that most often affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body. TB is grouped by disease stage, how it presents, and where it occurs in the body. One way to classify TB is by disease development. Class zero means a person has no known TB exposure and a negative tuberculin skin test. Class one means the person has been exposed, but the skin test is still negative. Class two means the tuberculin skin test is positive, but there is...

Tuberculosis testing starts with the tuberculin skin test, or TST, also called the Mantoux test. TB is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body. Because TB can be severe and spread widely, early and accurate diagnosis is important. The TST is the standard screening test for TB, but it has limits. It cannot tell latent TB infection from active TB disease. It also requires two visits to a...

pulmonary tuberculosis v

TB Treatment, Isolation, and Monitoring

Tuberculosis treatment depends on whether the infection is latent or active, and it also depends on the patient’s overall health. Latent tuberculosis infection means TB bacteria are present in the body but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, but preventive treatment is important to keep it from becoming active TB disease. Latent TB can be treated in a few ways. One option is isoniazid, or INH, taken daily for nine months. Another is INH with rifapentine, or RPT, taken...

acute respiratory failure-i

Acute Respiratory Failure: Blood Gas Changes

Acute respiratory failure happens when the lungs cannot keep up with gas exchange. The body then gets too little oxygen in the blood, too much carbon dioxide, or both. These changes can quickly affect organ function and need immediate care when they develop suddenly and severely. Doctors define this condition with blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia means the partial pressure of oxygen, or PaO2, falls below 60 mmHg. Hypercapnia means the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, or PaCO2, rises above...

acute respiratory failure-ii

Hypoxemia Causes in Type I Respiratory Failure

Type I respiratory failure is also called hypoxemic respiratory failure. It happens when arterial oxygen pressure, or PaO2, falls below 60 mmHg while a person is breathing room air. In this form of respiratory failure, carbon dioxide pressure, or PaCO2, does not rise in the same way. The main problem is that the lungs cannot oxygenate the blood well enough. One common cause is ventilation-perfusion, or V/Q, mismatch. This means airflow and blood flow in the lungs are not balanced. V/Q mismatch...

acute respiratory failure-iii

Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Causes

Hypercapnic respiratory failure is a type of ventilatory failure in which the body cannot remove carbon dioxide (CO2) effectively. It is also called Type 2 respiratory failure. In this condition, arterial CO2 pressure, or PaCO2, rises above 45 mmHg, while blood pH stays above 7.35. The problem appears when ventilatory demand is higher than ventilatory supply, meaning the body needs more breathing support than it can deliver without tiring the respiratory muscles. Several problems can lower...

acute respiratory failure-iv

Signs of Acute Respiratory Failure

Acute respiratory failure shows up as a rapid drop in oxygen and a rapid rise in carbon dioxide. It can start suddenly or build up over time. Because it can become life-threatening quickly, early signs matter. A change in mental status is often one of the first clues in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. The brain is very sensitive to low oxygen and shifts in acid-base balance. Restlessness, confusion, and agitation can all point to poor oxygen delivery to the brain. Signs of carbon dioxide...

acute respiratory failure-v

Acute Respiratory Failure Care Strategies

Acute respiratory failure care focuses on restoring oxygenation, improving ventilation, and correcting acid-base imbalance. Treatment depends on the cause, the patient’s overall health, and how severe the respiratory failure is. A collaborative healthcare team is important for early detection, often with arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, which measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. The first goal is to identify the cause of the problem. Care plans may be adjusted for...

key terms and concepts

Learn how TB screening works, how the Mantoux skin test is read, and which follow-up tests help confirm active or extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

TB Testing: Skin Test and Follow-Up | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Medical-Surgical Nursing offers comprehensive animated lessons that cover major systems of the human body, integrating anatomy and physiology with system-specific assessments. This collection encompasses disease conditions based on the body systems, detailing their pathophysiology, medical and surgical management, and nursing interventions. These lessons provide a clear and practical understanding of medical-surgical care, equipping students with essential skills for managing patient care in various clinical settings.

medical-surgical nursing

TB Testing: Skin Test and Follow-Up

Description

Transcript

Tags