Name: microbial phas for sustainable plastics
Uploaded: 2026-03-12T13:35:55.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Environmental Science

Earth and Human Activity

9-12.EVS.4.7

Bioplastics

Certain microbes use renewable resources, such as agricultural or industrial waste, to produce biodegradable polymers known as bioplastics.Some bacteria synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a class of microbial polymers, as intracellular carbon and energy storage materials.Bacteria such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida make and store PHAs as intracellular granules when grown under carbon-abundant but nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited conditions.PHAs are harvested by collecting the microbial cells.These cells are lysed using physical methods, such as bead milling, or chemical agents that degrade the cell walls.The lysate is then treated with solvents, such as chloroform, and gently heated to dissolve the PHAs in the organic phase.The polymer is purified through precipitation and processed downstream into usable materials.The resulting bioplastic products are used as packaging material, agricultural mulch films, and drug delivery systems.After disposal, bioplastics undergo microbial degradation, ultimately breaking down into simple compounds like carbon dioxide and water, or methane.

bioplastics

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under conditions of nutrient limitation, such as nitrogen or phosphorus scarcity.The microbial synthesis of PHAs involves fermentation processes wherein bacteria metabolize renewable feedstocks, including agricultural residues and industrial waste. During nutrient-limited growth, carbon sources are redirected toward PHA synthesis, resulting in intracellular granule accumulation. Post-fermentation, the microbial biomass is harvested, and cells are lysed using mechanical disruption (e.g., bead milling) or chemical agents that permeabilize the cell wall.The recovery of PHAs from lysed cells typically involves solvent extraction. Organic solvents, often chlorinated hydrocarbons or green solvents, are used to selectively dissolve PHAs. The process is conducted below 200&#176;C to prevent polymer degradation. Following dissolution, purification is achieved through techniques such as distillation to remove solvents, filtration to eliminate cell debris, and precipitation to isolate the polymer.PHAs and PHBs are employed in diverse applications, including biodegradable packaging, agricultural mulch films, and controlled drug delivery systems, owing to their non-toxic and compostable nature. Upon disposal, these bioplastics are decomposed by environmental microbes into carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions, or methane under anaerobic conditions, completing a closed-loop lifecycle. This microbial degradation capacity significantly reduces environmental pollution compared to conventional plastics, supporting a circular bioeconomy.

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Unit

Industrial Microbiology

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

microbial phas for sustainable plastics

Microbial PHAs are a sustainable option for making plastics from bacteria instead of petroleum. These bioplastics are known as polyhydroxyalkanoates, or PHAs, and one important example is polyhydroxybutyrate, or PHB. They are valued because they can break down in the environment and are also compatible with living tissue.

Bacteria such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida make PHAs inside their cells. They store these polymers as carbon and energy reserves. PHA buildup is especially strong when nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorus are limited, but carbon is still available.

The polymers are produced through fermentation, which is a process that uses microbes to convert feedstocks into useful products. In this case, the feedstocks can include agricultural residues and industrial waste. During nutrient-limited growth, the bacteria shift more of the available carbon into PHA granules inside the cell.

After fermentation, the biomass is collected and the cells are broken open. This can be done by mechanical methods such as bead milling or by chemical agents that weaken the cell wall. The PHAs are then recovered with solvent extraction, where organic solvents, including chlorinated hydrocarbons or greener alternatives, dissolve the polymer. The process stays below 200 degrees Celsius to avoid damaging the plastic.

Once dissolved, the polymer is purified. Distillation removes the solvent, filtration clears away cell debris, and precipitation helps isolate the final material. PHAs and PHBs are used in biodegradable packaging, agricultural mulch films, and controlled drug delivery systems because they are non-toxic and compostable. When discarded, environmental microbes can decompose them into carbon dioxide and water in aerobic conditions, or methane in anaerobic conditions, which supports a circular bioeconomy and reduces pollution from conventional plastics.

Microbial PHAs for Sustainable Plastics

bioreactor design and operational system

Bioreactor Types and Key Features

Bioreactors are engineered vessels that grow microorganisms under controlled conditions for bioprocessing. They keep the system sterile and let operators control pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels. These settings help support microbial growth and the production of useful metabolites. Bioreactors come in a wide size range. Some are small laboratory units that hold 1 liter, while industrial systems can hold up to 500,000 liters. In many systems, only about 75% of the vessel volume is...

bioreactor controls-i

Fermenter Monitoring and Control

Fermenter monitoring and control keeps microbial growth conditions stable in fermentation systems. Temperature, foam, pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pressure all need careful measurement. These settings help improve productivity and process efficiency. Temperature control is especially important because many fermentation reactions release heat. Small laboratory fermenters may use mercury-in-glass thermometers, resistance thermometers, or thermistors. Mercury thermometers are often used for...

bioreactor controls-ii

Oxygen Transfer in Stirred Fermentors

Oxygen transfer in stirred fermentors is essential for aerobic fermentation. Microbes need oxygen for growth and for making useful products. This can be difficult because air contains only about 20% oxygen, and oxygen dissolves poorly in water. At 20°C, its solubility is only about 9 ppm. In some high-demand processes, such as yeast growth or citric acid production, even a saturated broth may supply oxygen for only a few seconds. To improve oxygen delivery, sterile or scrubbed air is fed into...

bioreactor controls-iii

Engineering Yeast for Higher Product Yields

Strain improvement helps industrial microbiology make more product from microbes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Natural isolates often produce useful compounds in very low amounts. Medium changes and growth condition changes can help, but their effect is limited by the organism’s genes. Because of that limit, scientists often improve the strain first and then adjust the culture conditions again. This cycle can repeat several times and lead to better overall output. S. cerevisiae is a common...

designing growth media for bioreactors

Key Ingredients in Bioreactor Growth Media

Growth media for bioreactors supply the nutrients cells need for growth and metabolism. A well-balanced medium can improve the yield of useful products such as enzymes, antibiotics, and biomass. If nutrients are too low or too high, cell growth and product output can drop. A typical growth medium includes a carbon source, a nitrogen source, salts, vitamins, trace elements, and water. Carbon sources such as glucose or glycerol provide energy and building blocks for biomass. Nitrogen sources...

methods of medium optimization

Screening Variables in Medium Optimization

Microbial growth media can be improved by testing which ingredients most affect growth and product yield. Statistical experimental design gives a structured way to do this. It also makes the process more reproducible and efficient. The One-Factor-at-a-Time, or OFAT, method changes one variable while all others stay the same. This approach is simple, but it cannot show interactions between variables. When two factors work together, OFAT may miss that effect and lead to a less effective result. <br...

batch vs continuous culture

Fermentation Methods for Industrial Production

Fermentation methods for industrial production use microbes to make pharmaceuticals, biofuels, enzymes, and food additives. The two main approaches are batch fermentation and continuous fermentation. Both depend on microbial conversion of a substrate into a desired product, but they differ in how the culture is run and how the product is collected. Batch fermentation is a closed system. Nutrient medium and inoculum are added at the start, and no more material is fed in except for gas exchange...

fed-batch culture

Fed-Batch Feeding Strategies

Fed-batch culture uses controlled feeding to guide cell growth and product formation in bioprocessing. It combines features of batch culture with nutrient additions during fermentation. In this semi-closed system, fresh substrate is added while the biomass and products stay in the bioreactor until the run ends. This feeding control helps manage growth rate, nutrient limits, and the buildup of metabolites. By adjusting when and how substrate is added, the process can support longer production...

scale-up processes

Fermenter Materials and Contamination Control

Microbial fermentation scale-up depends on fermenter materials and contamination control as production moves from the lab to the factory. The goal is to keep yield and product quality stable while the culture volume gets larger. That requires changes in equipment design, process settings, and cleaning methods. At the laboratory scale, cultures are usually grown in 1 to 10 liter glass or autoclavable plastic fermenters. These materials make sterilization easier and allow careful control of...

upstream processing

Bioreactor Growth in Biomanufacturing

Bioreactor growth is a key part of biomanufacturing. It uses microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells to make therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, and other biologically derived products. The process includes choosing and preparing the production organism and then growing it under tightly controlled conditions. The first step is host selection and genetic optimization. A host can be a natural strain, a cell line, or a genetically modified organism designed to make the target...

downstream processing

Purifying Products After Fermentation

Purifying products after fermentation starts once the growth stage is finished. The goal is to recover useful products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins and remove the unwanted material around them. The first step is often cell harvesting. For intracellular protein-based products, the cells are separated from the liquid phase by centrifugation or filtration. If the target product is inside the cells, those cells must then be broken open. Cell disruption releases the contents...

production of alcohol

Continuous Ethanol Fermentation

Continuous ethanol fermentation is the process used to make alcohol in a steady, nonstop flow. It is valued in industry because it supports efficiency, scale, and high ethanol output. The feedstock is corn starch, which must first be broken down into sugars before microbes can ferment it. Corn starch undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis, which means enzymes split starch into smaller sugar molecules. The enzymes used are α-amylase and glucoamylase. They convert the starch into fermentable sugars such...

production of organic acids

Microbial Fermentation for Lactic Acid

Microbial fermentation is used to produce lactic acid from starch-based raw materials. This organic acid is important in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries. It is often preferred over chemical synthesis because it is more sustainable and can produce an enantiomerically pure product. The process starts with starch hydrolysis. Starch-rich feedstocks such as corn and potatoes are broken down to release fermentable sugars. This can be done with amylase enzymes or with...

production of antibiotics

Industrial Penicillin Fermentation Process

Industrial penicillin is made by growing the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum in large stirred-tank bioreactors. These tanks can range from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters. The process depends on close control of temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen so the fungus can keep making the antibiotic efficiently. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, which means the fungus makes it mainly during the stationary phase of growth. To support this shift, the feed strategy must limit rapid cell...

production of pharmaceuticals

Making Human Insulin in Bacteria

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli to make human insulin at large scale. The bacteria carry a proinsulin gene under a tryptophan promoter, and the gene includes a methionine linker so the product can be cut later. The cells also contain ampicillin resistance, which helps with selective growth during culture. Production starts with seed cultures stored at −80 °C. A small amount is thawed to begin starter cultures, and the culture is expanded step by step until it...

production of biopesticides

Bt Biopesticides and Crop Protection

Bt biopesticides use Bacillus thuringiensis to help protect crops from insect pests. Bt is a bacterium that is valued for its strong insect-killing activity, its specificity to target insects, and its natural breakdown in the environment. Because of these traits, it offers a more sustainable option than many chemical pesticides. Bt makes insecticidal crystal proteins, also called Cry proteins, during sporulation. Sporulation is the stage when the bacterium forms spores. The Cry proteins form...

ichip

Growing Hidden Microbes with iChip

The iChip helps scientists grow environmental microbes that are hard to culture in the lab. It solves a long-standing problem in microbiology by giving cells conditions that are closer to their natural habitat. The method uses in situ incubation, which means the sample grows in the environment where it was collected. The isolation chip, or iChip, is built for high-throughput microbial cultivation. It contains hundreds of tiny microchambers, and each chamber can hold one microbial cell. The...

vaccine production

Vaccine Manufacturing: Purification to Packaging

Vaccine manufacturing turns cultured microorganisms into a safe immunological product. The process starts with growing viruses or bacteria to collect antigenic material, which is the part of the pathogen that helps trigger an immune response. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are first grown in bioreactors. The target virus is then added so it can replicate inside the cells. After the cells lyse, or break open, the viral particles are released. The mixture is clarified by filtration or...

Microbial PHAs are a sustainable option for making plastics from bacteria instead of petroleum. These bioplastics are known as polyhydroxyalkanoates, or PHAs, and one important example is polyhydroxybutyrate, or PHB. They are valued because they can break down in the environment and are also compatible with living tissue. Bacteria such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida make PHAs inside their cells. They store these polymers as carbon and energy reserves. PHA buildup is especially...

microbial biosensors

Microbes as Sensors for Chemical Detection

Microbes can be used as sensors to detect specific chemicals by producing a measurable signal. These microbial biosensors are analytical devices that combine living cells with a signal-transducing element. The biosensing organisms are often Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and they are commonly placed in multiwell plates for rapid, real-time detection of target analytes. When a target analyte, such as sucrose, interacts with the microbes, the cells respond biochemically. That...

biological treatment of effluent and waste water 

biological-treatment-of-effluent-and-waste-water

Steps in Wastewater Cleanup by Microbes

Wastewater cleanup often uses microbes to remove pollutants from sewage. Modern treatment systems do this in stages. Each stage lowers solid waste, dissolved organic matter, and microbial contamination. The treated water is then prepared for safe discharge or reuse. Primary treatment is the first physical step. Screening removes large debris, and sedimentation lets suspended particles settle out of the wastewater. This lowers the amount of material that later treatment steps must handle. <br...

biofuels

Microalgae Biodiesel Production

Microalgae can be used to make biodiesel, a renewable fuel made from biological material. These photosynthetic microorganisms grow quickly and turn sunlight and carbon dioxide into biomass. They can also grow in freshwater, marine water, and wastewater, which makes them flexible feedstocks for fuel production. Microalgae are especially useful because they can build up large amounts of lipids, or fats, in their cells. When growth conditions are good, they multiply rapidly. When nutrients become...

key terms and concepts

Learn how bacteria make PHAs and PHB, how the polymers are extracted, and why these biodegradable plastics are useful for packaging and drug delivery.

Microbial PHAs for Sustainable Plastics | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

microbiology

9-12.EVS.4.13

biofuels-producing-ethanol-from-cellulosic-material

Biofuels: Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Material

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In this experiment, cellulosic material (such as corn stalks, leaves, ...

Biofuels

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Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction

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Enthalpies of Reaction

Hess&rsquo;s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products ...

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
The United States consumes a large amount of energy &#8211; the current ...

6. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the use of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Examples: Describe the similarities and differences among fossil fuels. Gather and share information to describe different sources of renewable energy from biomass such as biodiesel, cellulosic ethanol, and algae.

9-12.EVS.4.6

Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Source: Tamara M. Powers, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&#38;M University
Today&#39;s modern world requires the use of a large amount of energy. While ...

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

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GIS Software, Hardware, and Sources of GIS Data

A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines specialized software and hardware to effectively manage, analyze, and present spatial and related data. GIS ...

a. Analyze and interpret data on the origins and availability of renewable and nonrenewable forms of energy to predict consumption trends. Examples: Use a solar irradiance map to predict the best area for a solar thermal power plant. Analyze the distribution of fossil fuel reserves around the globe to identify energy-rich and energy-poor areas and predict future trends in types of fuel used and rates of consumption.

9-12.EVS.4.6.a

Manipulation and Analysis

GIS manipulation and analysis functions are vital for decision-making and planning. These activities range from data retrieval tasks, such as selecting ...

Climate Change

The certainty of climate change remains a public controversy despite the consensus among approximately 97% of active climate researchers, who not only ...

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These ...

Coordinates and Map Projections

Coordinates and map projections are essential tools in accurately representing the Earth's surface for various applications, ranging from navigation to ...

b. Construct an argument based on data about the risks and benefits of using renewable and nonrenewable energy sources in Alabama.

9-12.EVS.4.6.b

Quarrying of Stone

Quarrying involves the meticulous extraction of stone from a quarry by either using controlled explosions or precision cutting techniques to remove the ...

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3&#8211;12 are ...

Microbial Bioremediation of Plastics

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer widely utilized in the packaging industry, particularly for bottles and containers. Due to its ...

7. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the development, management, and recycling of mineral resources. Example: Research technologies used to mine and process rare Earth metals for electronics. Gather information and draw conclusions about the sustainability of plastics recycling.

Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential plant nutrients found in aquatic ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Using GIS to Investigate Urban Forestry

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
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Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian&#8212;or biological&#8212;clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities ...

Pollination and Flower Structure

Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and ...

8. Construct or revise a claim based on evidence of the effects of human activities on Earth's systems, natural resources, and ecosystem services. Examples: Construct a claim that excess nitrogen and phosphorus causes algal blooms, deforestation disrupts carbon storage, or excess atmospheric sulfur leads to acid rain. Construct a claim that changing rain patterns cause flooding or desertification. Construct a claim that temperature cycles affect the timing of migrations and the flowering of plants, causing a disjunction in pollination.

9-12.EVS.4.8

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Calvin Cycle

Overview

Oxygenic photosynthesis converts approximately 200 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually to organic compounds and produces approximately ...

Marine Microbial Ecology

Marine microbial ecosystems are shaped by distinct physicochemical limits, including high salinity, low nutrient availability, and fluctuating oxygen ...

a. Evaluate published information from computational models which illustrate the effects of an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide on photosynthesis and the effect of ocean acidification on marine populations.

9-12.EVS.4.8.a

determination-of-nox-in-automobile-exhaust-using-uv-vis-spectroscopy

Determination Of NOx in Automobile Exhaust Using UV-VIS Spectroscopy

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In the troposphere, ozone is naturally formed when sunlight splits nitrogen ...

Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins ...

Microbial Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons

Bioremediation is an environmentally sustainable process that employs living organisms&#8212;primarily microorganisms&#8212;to degrade or neutralize ...

Microbial Bioremediation of Pesticides

Pesticides often feature structurally complex chemical architectures, incorporating halogen groups and multiple aromatic rings. These characteristics ...

b. Use engineering practices to evaluate and refine a current solution designed to protect natural resources from anthropogenic sources of atmospheric, terrestrial, or aquatic pollution. Example: Create mechanisms to remove plastic from the ocean or particulates from industrial exhaust.

9-12.EVS.4.8.b

applications-of-gis-disaster-management-and-emergency-response

Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

9. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information based on evidence to explain how key natural resources, natural hazards, and climate variability influence human activity and welfare.

9-12.EVS.4.9

Stratified Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the ...

a. Communicate scientific information about how environmental change may disproportionately impact people in certain socioeconomic groups or geographic locations. Examples: People in lower socioeconomic groups or those who are unhoused are more affected by rising temperatures and heat islands than others. Populations living at lower sea levels are more impacted by sea level rise than those who live at higher elevations. People living in floodplains are more likely to experience seasonal flooding than those living on higher ground.

9-12.EVS.4.9.a

Genetic Drift

Natural selection&#x2014;probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism&#x2014;increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and ...

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.

This ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

10. Use mathematics and graphic models to communicate how human activity may affect genetic variation in organism populations, including threatened and endangered species.

9-12.EVS.4.10

Population Growth

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Population Models
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that ...

11. Construct an explanation of how human populations undergo growth and decline. Examples: Explain how birth and death rates, infant mortality, nutrition, and other factors increase or decrease human populations. Clarification: Use of mathematical calculations to determine growth rate is not required.

9-12.EVS.4.11

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How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

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a. Analyze and interpret data on human population trends in developing and developed countries and in the global population as a whole. Example: Use fertility and mortality rates to predict population growth and average population age during different stages of the demographic transition model. Compare age structure diagrams of developing and developed countries to determine differences in population growth rates. Use total fertility rates to predict global population growth rate.

9-12.EVS.4.11.a

Microbial PHAs for Sustainable Plastics

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