Name: how dna stores genetic information
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:41.267Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

The DNA Helix

- [Instructor] El &#xE1;cido
desoxirribonucleico, o ADN,

consiste en dos cadenas
de polinucle&#xF3;tidos.

Cada uno est&#xE1; compuesto de
cuatro tipos de subunidades de

nucle&#xF3;tidos,

que consisten en un solo grupo de fosfato

y una base que contiene nitr&#xF3;geno,
adenina, A, citosina, C,

guanina, G, o timina, T,
unido a una desoxirribosa de

az&#xFA;car.

Este arreglo crea la espina
dorsal de az&#xFA;car-fosfato

de la estructura del ADN.

En una cadena en el extremo
de las tres primarias,

el az&#xFA;car se orienta con
el grupo hidroxilo expuesto

en el tercer &#xE1;tomo de carbono,
que est&#xE1; listo para unirse

covalentemente

a otra mol&#xE9;cula de az&#xFA;car en la cadena

en el quinto &#xE1;tomo de
carbono a trav&#xE9;s de enlaces

fosfodi&#xE9;ster.

En la hebra antiparalela opuesta,

cada base est&#xE1; un&#xED;vocamente
emparejada, C con G y A con T,

gracias a las diferencias
en el n&#xFA;mero de enlaces de

hidr&#xF3;geno

que se forman entre ellas.

Este lado complementario
termina con un grupo de fosfato

en el extremo de cinco primos.

Tal polaridad qu&#xED;mica
asegura un empaque eficiente,

enrollando las dos hebras
una alrededor de la otra para

formar

una doble h&#xE9;lice tridimensional
con diez pares de bases cada

vuelta completa.

Reza, Leslie. "Descubrimiento de la estructura y función del ADN: Watson y Crick". Educación de la Naturaleza 1, no. 1 (2008): 100. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-dna-structure-and-function-watson-397">Fuente</a>]

la hélice del adn

<h4>Descripci&#xF3;n general</h4> El &#xE1;cido desoxirribonucleico, o ADN, es el material gen&#xE9;tico responsable de transmitir rasgos de generaci&#xF3;n en generaci&#xF3;n en todos los organismos y en la mayor&#xED;a de los virus. El ADN est&#xE1; compuesto por dos cadenas de nucle&#xF3;tidos que se enrollan entre s&#xED; para formar una doble h&#xE9;lice. El descubrimiento de la estructura del ADN se produjo paso a paso a lo largo de casi un siglo, lo que representa una de las historias m&#xE1;s famosas y cautivadoras de la historia de la ciencia. <h4>Estructura del ADN en detalle</h4> Cada hebra de ADN est&#xE1; formada por subunidades llamadas nucle&#xF3;tidos que contienen el az&#xFA;car desoxirribosa, un grupo fosfato y una de las cuatro bases que contienen nitr&#xF3;geno: adenina (A), guanina (G), citosina (C) y timina (T). La adenina y la guanina son miembros de una clase m&#xE1;s amplia de sustancias qu&#xED;micas llamadas purinas que contienen estructuras de dos anillos. La citosina y la timina pertenecen a un grupo de estructuras de un solo anillo llamadas pirimidinas. Los nucle&#xF3;tidos adyacentes en la misma cadena est&#xE1;n unidos covalentemente mediante enlaces fosfodi&#xE9;ster. Las dos hebras de nucle&#xF3;tidos se mantienen unidas mediante enlaces de hidr&#xF3;geno, en los que las adeninas de una hebra se emparejan con timinas en la misma posici&#xF3;n en la otra hebra, y las citosinas de una hebra se emparejan con guaninas en la misma posici&#xF3;n en la otra hebra. Este enlace de hidr&#xF3;geno es posible gracias a la disposici&#xF3;n antiparalela de las dos cadenas de ADN, en la que los extremos 5&#x27; y 3&#x27; de las cadenas est&#xE1;n orientados en direcciones opuestas. Sin esta disposici&#xF3;n, los nucle&#xF3;tidos estar&#xED;an en una posici&#xF3;n incorrecta para formar enlaces de hidr&#xF3;geno entre las hebras. Las dos hebras de la mol&#xE9;cula de ADN est&#xE1;n fuertemente enrolladas en una estructura similar a un resorte llamada doble h&#xE9;lice. Sin embargo, la doble h&#xE9;lice no es perfectamente sim&#xE9;trica. En cambio, en la estructura aparecen surcos que aparecen regularmente. El surco principal se produce donde las cadenas principales de az&#xFA;car y fosfato est&#xE1;n relativamente separadas. Este espacio otorga acceso a prote&#xED;nas de uni&#xF3;n al ADN, como los factores de transcripci&#xF3;n. El surco menor, por el contrario, se produce donde las cadenas principales de az&#xFA;car y fosfato est&#xE1;n muy juntas. Relativamente, pocas prote&#xED;nas se unen al ADN a trav&#xE9;s del surco menor. <h4>El descubrimiento de la estructura del ADN: una breve historia</h4> La historia del descubrimiento de la estructura del ADN comienza en 1869 cuando el cient&#xED;fico suizo Friedrich Miescher descubri&#xF3; una sustancia a la que llam&#xF3; &#x201C;nucle&#xED;na&#x201D;. En el proceso de extracci&#xF3;n de prote&#xED;nas de los gl&#xF3;bulos blancos, Miescher encontr&#xF3; una sustancia inesperada que ten&#xED;a un contenido de f&#xF3;sforo relativamente alto. No sab&#xED;a qu&#xE9; era, pero sospechaba que podr&#xED;a tener importancia biol&#xF3;gica. Miescher ten&#xED;a raz&#xF3;n, pero la comunidad cient&#xED;fica tard&#xF3; d&#xE9;cadas en apreciar plenamente sus ideas. El siguiente descubrimiento fundamental lo realiz&#xF3; el bioqu&#xED;mico ruso Phoebus Levene. En 1919, Levene propuso que la nucle&#xED;na, entonces conocida como &#xE1;cido nucleico, estaba compuesta por cadenas de mol&#xE9;culas a las que llam&#xF3; polinucle&#xF3;tidos. La propuesta de Levene surgi&#xF3; de su investigaci&#xF3;n sobre la levadura, en la que descubri&#xF3; que los nucle&#xF3;tidos individuales estaban compuestos por un grupo fosfato, un az&#xFA;car y una base que conten&#xED;a nitr&#xF3;geno. Aunque el modelo de polinucle&#xF3;tidos de Levene era correcto en muchos aspectos, todav&#xED;a no estaba claro c&#xF3;mo estaban dispuestas las bases en la mol&#xE9;cula de ADN. El bioqu&#xED;mico austriaco Erwin Chargaff ampli&#xF3; el trabajo de Levene. Trabajando a finales de la d&#xE9;cada de 1940, Chargaff hizo un hallazgo clave: la cantidad de adenina en el ADN siempre es aproximadamente igual a la cantidad de timina, y la cantidad de guanina siempre es aproximadamente igual a la cantidad de citosina. Este patr&#xF3;n se conoci&#xF3; como la regla de Chargaff y fue una prueba clave que permiti&#xF3; el esclarecimiento final de la estructura del ADN. A principios de la d&#xE9;cada de 1950, el bi&#xF3;logo estadounidense James Watson y el f&#xED;sico ingl&#xE9;s Francis Crick compet&#xED;an con su principal rival, el estadounidense Linus Pauling, para descubrir la estructura tridimensional del ADN. Bas&#xE1;ndose en el trabajo de Chargaff, utilizaron conocimientos de f&#xED;sica, matem&#xE1;ticas y qu&#xED;mica para construir modelos f&#xED;sicos de ADN. Pero no tuvieron &#xE9;xito hasta que recibieron un dato cr&#xED;tico: una &#x201C;fotograf&#xED;a&#x201D; de rayos X del ADN que indicaba con detalle preciso su estructura de doble h&#xE9;lice. Esta fotograf&#xED;a era informaci&#xF3;n in&#xE9;dita de la f&#xED;sica Rosalind Franklin y fue entregada a Watson y Crick sin el conocimiento de Franklin. Watson y Crick publicaron su descripci&#xF3;n de la estructura del ADN en 1953 y, junto con Maurice Wilkins (un colaborador de Franklin), ganaron el Premio Nobel de Fisiolog&#xED;a o Medicina en 1962 por este descubrimiento. Lamentablemente, Franklin muri&#xF3; en 1958 y, por lo tanto, no fue elegible para el Premio Nobel.

La hélice del ADN

Overview

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most ...

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Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Genetics

Genética

DNA Structure and Function

Estructura y función del ADN

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

how dna stores genetic information

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century.

Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and guanine are purines, which have two-ring structures, while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines, which have one ring.

Nucleotides within a strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between matching bases. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This pairing works because the two strands run in opposite directions, or antiparallel, with 5' and 3' ends oriented oppositely.

The twisted DNA molecule forms a spring-like double helix. It is not perfectly even, because it has repeating grooves. The major groove is where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart, and it gives DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors better access. The minor groove is narrower, and relatively few proteins bind there.

The history of DNA research began in 1869, when Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher found a phosphorus-rich substance he called nuclein while extracting protein from white blood cells. He did not know what it was, but he suspected it mattered biologically. His insight turned out to be important, although it took many years for scientists to understand why.

In 1919, Russian biochemist Phoebus Levene proposed that nuclein, then called a nucleic acid, was made of chains he named polynucleotides. His work on yeast showed that each nucleotide includes a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. Even so, the exact arrangement of the bases in DNA was still unknown.

That question was helped by Erwin Chargaff in the late 1940s. He found that the amount of adenine is usually about equal to thymine, and the amount of guanine is usually about equal to cytosine. This became known as Chargaff's Rule and became a key clue for the final DNA model.

In the early 1950s, James Watson and Francis Crick competed with Linus Pauling to solve DNA's three-dimensional structure. They used ideas from physics, mathematics, and chemistry to build models, but they needed one more key clue. That clue came from an X-ray photograph of DNA that showed its double-helix shape in detail. The image was unpublished data from Rosalind Franklin and was shared with Watson and Crick without her knowledge.

Watson and Crick published their description of DNA structure in 1953. Together with Maurice Wilkins, they later received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. Franklin had died in 1958, so she was not eligible for the prize.

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

the dna helix

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century. Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and...

dna packaging

Chromatin and Histones in DNA Packing

Eukaryotic cells must pack long DNA molecules into the nucleus, and chromatin makes that possible. DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which are the main unit of DNA packaging. Nucleosomes then coil into compact chromatin fibers. The amount of DNA in a cell is much larger than it first seems. A single human skin cell has about 3 billion base pairs of DNA, and if that DNA were stretched out in a line, it would be about 2 meters long. With about 50 trillion cells in...

organization of genes

Genes, Introns, and Regulatory DNA

Eukaryotic genes are arranged within DNA along with non-coding regions that help control gene activity. A DNA strand includes genes and intergenic regions, which are the stretches between genes. These regions do not code for proteins, but they can contain important regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and silencers. A gene itself is not a single continuous coding block. It usually contains protein-coding exons and non-coding introns. After DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA in the...

karyotyping

Chromosome Stains for Detecting Disorders

Chromosome staining helps scientists find genetic disorders by showing the number and physical features of chromosomes. These features appear after DNA condenses into chromosomes during mitosis. Cytogeneticists then stop mitosis and stain the chromosomes to study their banding pattern. The pattern reveals details such as chromosome number, shape, and type. A chromosome description like this is called a karyotype. To create one, scientists take an image of the stained chromosomes and identify...

replication in prokaryotes

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules. Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying and Telomeres

Eukaryotic DNA copying is tightly regulated and must duplicate many linear chromosomes before cell division. The process is highly conserved and uses many proteins with specialized roles. It moves through initiation, elongation, and termination, and it ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic replication shares basic steps with prokaryotic DNA replication, but the larger genome and linear chromosomes require more proteins. Replication begins at multiple origins of...

proofreading

DNA Polymerase Fixes Replication Errors

DNA polymerase helps copy DNA and fix mistakes during replication. It adds nucleotides in a sequence that matches the template DNA strand. The enzyme also has a higher affinity for the correct base, which helps keep DNA replication accurate. As new genomic DNA is made, it is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. In many cells, DNA polymerases have different jobs in this process. DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon can proofread when nuclear DNA is being copied. These polymerases...

mismatch repair

DNA Mismatch Repair in Replication

DNA mismatch repair fixes copying errors that happen during DNA replication. When DNA polymerase makes a mistake, the cell can detect a wrong base pair, such as A with G or T with C, and replace it with the correct nucleotide. This repair system works in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and depends on several proteins. The Mutator protein family plays a central role in this process. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, MutS first binds the mismatch. MutL then helps identify which strand is the...

nucleotide excision repair

DNA Damage Repair by Excision

DNA damage repair by excision protects cells from mutagens that can change DNA. Exposure to environmental mutagens can create bulky lesions that bend the double helix or block transcription. If these changes are not repaired, they can lead to mutations and may contribute to cancer or disease, depending on which DNA sequences are affected. Nucleotide excision repair, or NER, is the process that detects and removes this kind of damage. Specialized proteins scan the DNA for a damaged region, then...

mutations

DNA Changes From Point Mutations to UV Damage

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. They can happen by chance during DNA copying, or they can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals. Scientists also describe mutations by how much DNA they affect, how they change a protein, and whether they happen in body cells or germline cells. Some mutations affect only one nucleotide, which is a point mutation. When a point mutation falls inside a gene, the outcome depends on how the amino acid sequence changes. A silent...

transcription

Transcription and Gene Control

Transcription and gene control explain how cells make RNA from DNA and decide which genes are active. RNA polymerase copies a DNA sequence into RNA, and this is the first step in making a protein from a gene. Many other proteins and control sequences help make messenger RNA, or mRNA, correctly. In eukaryotes, the DNA is first copied into a primary RNA, also called pre-mRNA. This RNA can then be processed into mature mRNA, which serves as the template for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes such...

translation

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding

Protein synthesis begins when ribosomes decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and build a chain of amino acids. This final step of gene expression is called translation. The finished chain is a polypeptide, which can later become a functional protein. Proteins are often called the building blocks of life because they make up much of the body, from muscle fibers to hairs and immune system parts. The instructions for each protein are encoded in genes found in the DNA of every cell. In biology, the central...

bacterial transformation

Griffith’s Mouse Experiment and DNA

Bacterial transformation explains how DNA can move into bacteria and change their traits. Frederick Griffith first noticed this in 1928 while studying pneumonia-causing Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. He compared one pathogenic strain with one non-pathogenic strain and found that only the pathogenic strain killed the host mice. Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic bacteria and mixed their remains with live, non-pathogenic bacteria. The mixture killed the mice,...

key terms and concepts

Learn how DNA stores genetic information through base pairing, the double helix, and the key discoveries by Miescher, Chargaff, Watson, Crick, and Franklin.

How DNA Stores Genetic Information | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core Biología da vida a la biología a través de una serie con más de 300 lecciones de vídeo animadas, concisas y fáciles de entender, que explican conceptos clave de la biología, incluyendo también más de 150 vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran experimentos reales realizados en laboratorios actuales de investigación.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Heredity

Cellular genetics

Structure and function of DNA in cells

Modern genetics

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.5

BIO.5.a

LS.10

LS.10.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.11

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.2.a

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DNA Packaging

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Organization of Genes

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Chromosome Structure

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The Central Dogma

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3.1.9-12.B

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3.1.9-12.C

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

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