Name: water movement through earth systems
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Water Cycle

- [Narrador] La hidrosfera
es el área completa

donde se produce agua en un planeta.

La mayor parte del suministro
de agua de la Tierra

está contenida en los
océanos de agua salada, donde

las moléculas de agua individuales
pueden permanecer hasta

3.000 años, una medida conocida
como tiempo de residencia.

Tiempo que el agua permanece
en un reservorio particular

Las moléculas de agua en
fuentes de agua dulce críticas,

como lagos y arroyos, se
desplazan mucho más rápido.

El ciclo comienza cuando
la energía del sol calienta

y evapora el agua de la
superficie de los océanos,

arroyos y lagos a la atmósfera,

donde se condensa para formar nubes.

Luego el agua regresa a la
superficie como precipitación.

Ahora puede regresar al océano
como escurrimiento a través

de arroyos y lagos, filtrarse
en el suelo para ser

almacenado en acuíferos,
fluir debajo de la superficie

como agua subterránea o
evaporarse nuevamente a través

de la transpiración de
las plantas terrestres.

Hamlington, B. D., J. T. Reager, M.-H. Lo, K. B. Karnauskas y R. R. Leben. "Separando la variabilidad decenal del ciclo global del agua del aumento del nivel del mar", Scientific Reports 7 (20 de abril de 2017). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00875-5" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

Haddeland, Ingjerd, Jens Heinke, Hester Biemans, Stephanie Eisner, Martina Flörke, Naota Hanasaki, Markus Konzmann, et al. "Recursos hídricos mundiales afectados por las intervenciones humanas y el cambio climático". Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de los Estados Unidos de América 111, no. 9 (4 de marzo de 2014): 3251–56. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222475110" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

el ciclo del agua

La hidrosfera de la Tierra incluye todas las áreas donde se produce el almacenamiento y movimiento del agua. Dado que el agua es la base de todos los procesos vivos, el ciclo del agua es extremadamente importante para la dinámica de los ecosistemas. El ciclo del agua comienza cuando el sol calienta el agua superficial de la tierra y de los océanos, provocando que se evapore y entre a la atmósfera en forma de vapor. El vapor de agua se condensa en nubes y finalmente cae en forma de precipitación en forma de lluvia, nieve o granizo. Después de volver a caer a la Tierra, el agua puede entrar en grandes masas de agua, evaporarse nuevamente, permanecer en la superficie como escorrentía o filtrarse en el suelo, donde puede ser absorbida por las plantas y transpirada (liberada por los poros de las hojas y evaporada en la atmósfera) o convertirse en agua subterránea. El agua subterránea profunda puede formar reservorios o acuíferos, y el agua subterránea poco profunda eventualmente llega a una masa de agua, donde puede evaporarse como agua superficial para continuar el ciclo. <h4>Almacenamiento a largo plazo</h4> Las células humanas están compuestas en más de un 70% de agua y casi todos los organismos terrestres necesitan agua dulce para sobrevivir. Sin embargo, el 97,5% del agua de la Tierra es salada y menos del 1% del agua dulce es accesible a través de ríos y lagos. La mayor parte del agua de la Tierra existe en forma de hielo, agua subterránea o agua salada en los océanos y mares, y es inaccesible para muchas plantas, animales y hongos, y no está disponible para ciclos de corto plazo. En estas formas, el agua se almacena durante largos períodos de tiempo-llamados tiempos de residencia-antes de ingresar al ciclo del agua. <h4>Ciclo del agua a corto plazo</h4> La energía del sol calienta el agua superficial de la tierra y del océano, lo que hace que ingrese a la atmósfera a través de la evaporación, la sublimación (el hielo se vaporiza a partir de una forma sólida) y la transpiración (evaporación del agua de las plantas). Luego, el vapor de agua se condensa para formar nubes y finalmente cae a la Tierra en forma de precipitación (por ejemplo, lluvia o nieve). El agua que regresa a la superficie de la Tierra puede: llenar cuerpos de agua, evaporarse nuevamente del suelo, permear el suelo para ser absorbida y transpirada por las plantas, fluir bajo la superficie como agua subterránea o almacenarse durante períodos prolongados en acuíferos.

El ciclo del agua

La hidrosfera de la Tierra incluye todas las áreas donde se produce el almacenamiento y el movimiento del agua. Dado que el agua es la base de todos los procesos vivos, ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biología

Ecology

Ecología

Ecosystems

Ecosistemas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

water movement through earth systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics.

The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and by transpiration, which is water released from plant leaves and then evaporated.

Water vapor cools and condenses into clouds. It later falls back to Earth as precipitation, such as rain, snow, or hail. After that, the water may collect in large bodies of water, evaporate again from the ground, run off across the surface, or seep into soil.

Some water in the soil is absorbed by plants and returned to the atmosphere through transpiration. Some becomes groundwater, which moves below the surface. Deep groundwater can form reservoirs called aquifers, while shallow groundwater eventually reaches a body of water and can evaporate again as surface water.

Water also stays stored for long periods before it enters the cycle again. Human cells are over 70% water, and almost all land organisms need fresh water to survive. Yet 97.5% of Earth’s water is saltwater, and less than 1% of freshwater is accessible in rivers and lakes.

Most water on Earth is locked up as ice, groundwater, or saltwater in the oceans and seas. These stores have long residence times, which means the water remains there for extended periods. They are not part of short-term cycling until the water moves back into the active water cycle.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Track how water moves through Earth’s systems by evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, transpiration, and groundwater storage.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core Biología da vida a la biología a través de una serie con más de 300 lecciones de vídeo animadas, concisas y fáciles de entender, que explican conceptos clave de la biología, incluyendo también más de 150 vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran experimentos reales realizados en laboratorios actuales de investigación.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

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