Name: carbon movement in living systems
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Carbon Cycle

En el ciclo del carbono,

las partículas de carbono
viajan a través del ecosistema.

En la fotosíntesis, los
autótrofos tales como las plantas

transforman el carbono de la atmósfera

en forma de dióxido de carbono

en energía consumible que
ingieren los heterótrofos.

Estos organismos pueden
devolver el carbono

a la atmósfera a través de la respiración

o por el suelo durante la descomposición.

El dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera

también es altamente soluble en el agua.

Así que los océanos son una
reserva importante de carbono.

Este reacciona con el agua
y crea ácido carbónico

y luego iones de carbonato.

El carbonato de calcio
en agua de mar se utiliza

para construir esqueletos de
coral y conchas de moluscos.

El carbono también puede
almacenarse a corto plazo

en los cuerpos de los árboles
longevos y en el suelo.

O por más tiempo en el caso
de los combustibles fósiles,

como los restos orgánicos
de organismos vivientes.

Por último, el carbono almacenado
en los sedimentos y suelos

de la corteza terrestre
pueden convertirse en magma,

ventilándose a la atmósfera
durante erupciones volcánicas.

Un proceso llamado desgasificación.

Brüggemann, N., A. Gessler, Z. Kayler, S. G. Keel, F. Badeck, M. Barthel, P. Boeckx, et al. "Asignación de carbono y flujos de isótopos de carbono en el continuo planta-suelo-atmósfera: una revisión". Biogeosciences 8, no. 11 (28 de noviembre de 2011): 3457–89. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3457-2011" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

Baldocchi, Dennis, Youngryel Ryu y Trevor Keenan. "Variabilidad del ciclo del carbono terrestre". F1000Research 5 (26 de septiembre de 2016): 2371. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8962.1" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

el ciclo del carbono

El carbono es la base de toda la materia orgánica de la Tierra y se recicla a través del ecosistema en dos procesos principales: uno en el que el carbono se intercambia entre organismos vivos y otro en el que el carbono se recicla durante largos períodos de tiempo a través de restos orgánicos fosilizados, la erosión de rocas y actividad volcánica. Las actividades humanas, incluido el aumento de las prácticas agrícolas y la quema de combustibles fósiles, han afectado en gran medida el equilibrio del ciclo natural del carbono. <h4>Ciclo biológico del carbono</h4> Todos los seres vivos están compuestos por moléculas orgánicas que contienen átomos del elemento carbono. El carbono existe en la atmósfera como dióxido de carbono gaseoso, que reacciona con el agua para formar bicarbonato. Durante la fotosíntesis, los productores primarios (o autótrofos) convierten el dióxido de carbono y el bicarbonato en compuestos orgánicos que contienen carbono, como la glucosa, para proporcionar energía para el crecimiento, el mantenimiento y otros procesos. Los heterótrofos reciben carbono orgánico para su crecimiento y mantenimiento al consumir autótrofos. A través del proceso de respiración celular, estas moléculas orgánicas se descomponen para liberar la energía almacenada en ellas. Los subproductos de este proceso son agua y dióxido de carbono, que se liberan a la atmósfera a través de la respiración, continuando el ciclo. El carbono también puede regresar al medioambiente como desechos animales o como material en descomposición de organismos muertos. Los descomponedores, como las bacterias y los hongos, descomponen estos materiales en dióxido de carbono y compuestos orgánicos. <h4>Ciclo geológico a largo plazo</h4> El carbono se almacena durante períodos prolongados en la atmósfera, grandes masas de agua, sedimentos oceánicos, suelo, restos de animales fosilizados y en el interior de la Tierra. El dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera se disuelve en el agua del océano, reacciona con las moléculas de agua y se convierte en carbonatos. Combinados con iones de calcio, estos carbonatos forman las conchas de carbonato de calcio de muchos organismos marinos, como los corales y las ostras. Cuando estos organismos mueren, sus restos se descomponen y pueden hundirse hasta el fondo del océano y gradualmente convertirse en parte del sedimento. Este sedimento eventualmente forma piedra caliza, que constituye la mayor reserva de carbono de la Tierra. Los árboles grandes y longevos también pueden almacenar carbono en sus cuerpos durante siglos. Como sumidero de mucho más largo plazo (reservorio de carbono), los restos de organismos almacenan carbono en forma de combustibles fósiles-como carbón, petróleo y gas natural-en las profundidades de la tierra durante millones de años. El carbono almacenado en las profundidades de la superficie de la Tierra puede regresar a la superficie y a la atmósfera durante las erupciones volcánicas. <h4>Impactos humanos en el ciclo del carbono</h4> La quema de combustibles fósiles y madera está liberando cantidades sustanciales de dióxido de carbono a la atmósfera, alterando el clima global. Además, la deforestación y el aumento de las prácticas agrícolas están afectando el ciclo natural del carbono al reducir la cantidad de materia orgánica en el suelo, disminuir el almacenamiento de carbono y aumentar los niveles de gases de efecto invernadero, como el metano, en la atmósfera.

El ciclo del carbono

El carbono es la base de toda la materia orgánica de la Tierra y se recicla a través del ecosistema en dos procesos principales: uno en el que el carbono se intercambia entre ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biología

Ecology

Ecología

Ecosystems

Ecosistemas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

carbon movement in living systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance.

In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and bicarbonate during photosynthesis to make organic compounds such as glucose. These carbon-containing molecules support growth, maintenance, and other life processes.

Heterotrophs get organic carbon by eating autotrophs. They break down these molecules during cellular respiration to release stored energy. Water and carbon dioxide are the main byproducts, and the carbon returns to the atmosphere through respiration. Carbon can also leave organisms as waste or as dead matter. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break this material down and release carbon dioxide and organic compounds back into the environment.

Carbon also moves through long-term geological storage. It can remain in the atmosphere, large water bodies, ocean sediment, soil, fossilized animal remains, and deep inside the Earth for long periods. In the ocean, dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with water and becomes carbonates. These carbonates combine with calcium ions to form calcium carbonate shells in marine organisms such as coral and oysters. When these organisms die, their remains can sink and become part of sediment, which may later form limestone, the largest carbon reservoir on Earth.

Large, long-lived trees can store carbon in their bodies for centuries. On much longer time scales, the remains of organisms become fossil fuels, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas, deep in the Earth. Carbon stored underground can return to the surface and atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. Burning fossil fuels and wood releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which affects global climate. Deforestation and increased agricultural practices also change the natural carbon cycle by reducing soil organic matter, lowering carbon storage, and raising greenhouse gases such as methane.

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how carbon moves through photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, oceans, rocks, and fossil fuels, and how human activity disrupts the cycle.

Carbon Movement in Living Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core Biología da vida a la biología a través de una serie con más de 300 lecciones de vídeo animadas, concisas y fáciles de entender, que explican conceptos clave de la biología, incluyendo también más de 150 vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran experimentos reales realizados en laboratorios actuales de investigación.

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

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