Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Un elemento es una sustancia pura que contiene un solo tipo de átomo. Hasta la actualidad, se han descubierto 118 elementos entre los que están en la naturaleza y los sintetizados en un laboratorio. En cuanto a abundancia, los elementos varían significativamente.Los elementos más abundantes en la corteza terrestre son el oxígeno, el silicio, el aluminio, el hierro y el calcio. En cambio, la atmósfera de la Tierra está compuesta mayormente de nitrógeno y oxígeno. En la tabla periódica, cada recuadro contiene como mínimo un número atómico y un símbolo químico.Un símbolo químico es una abreviación de una o dos letras que se le asigna a un elemento. La primera letra se pone en mayúsculas y la segunda, de ser necesaria, se pone en minúsculas para evitar confusiones con compuestos que contienen dos elementos. A menudo, este símbolo es la primera o primeras letras del nombre del elemento en inglés.Sin embargo, las raíces de algunos símbolos son griegas, latinas y alemanas. Se le pueden añadir detalles adicionales a un símbolo químico. El número atómico, que representa también el número de protones, se indica en el subíndice izquierdo.Este número siempre es el mismo para un determinado elemento y a veces se omite, ya que nunca cambia. El número de masa, que es el número de protones sumado al de neutrones, se indica en el superíndice izquierdo. Este número determina el isótopo específico de un elemento, como carbono-12 o carbono-13.Un isótopo es una variación de un elemento en la que el número de neutrones en el núcleo varía, pero el número de protones, que es también el número atómico, permanece igual. Esto da como resultado distintas masas atómicas, pero no afecta la carga del átomo. Por ejemplo, el hidrógeno elemental tiene tres isótopos naturales:la forma más abundante no contiene neutrones;la segunda es el deuterio y contiene un neutrón;y la tercera es el tritio, que contiene dos neutrones.Aunque el átomo de hidrógeno estándar y el deuterio son estables en condiciones naturales, otros isótopos, como el tritio, se desintegran en otras sustancias por la emisión de energía. Estos últimos se conocen como isótopos radiactivos.

<ol>
	<li>Pothoof, Justin, Grace Nguyen, Dawn Archey, E. Prasad Venugopal y Mark A. Benvenuto. "Elemento 118: Enseñando un nuevo elemento a los nuevos estudiantes". En Elementos Viejos y Nuevos: Descubrimientos, Desarrollos, Desafíos e Implicaciones Ambientales, pp. 195-201. Sociedad Americana de Química, 2017.</li>
	<li>Krebs, Robert E. La historia y el uso de los elementos químicos de nuestra tierra: una guía de referencia. Grupo Editorial Greenwood, 2006.</li>
	<li>Clayton, Donald. Manual de isótopos en el cosmos: Hidrógeno a galio. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2003.</li>
</ol>

elementos: símbolos químicos e isótopos

Un símbolo químico es una abreviatura utilizada para representar un elemento o un átomo de un elemento. Por ejemplo, el símbolo del mercurio es Hg. El mismo símbolo se utiliza para representar un átomo de mercurio (dominio microscópico) o para etiquetar un contenedor de muchos átomos del elemento mercurio (dominio macroscópico).
 
 Algunos símbolos se derivan del nombre común en inglés del elemento; otros son abreviaturas del nombre en otro idioma— Latín, griego o alemán. Por ejemplo, el símbolo para el aluminio (nombre común) es Al, mientras que para el hierro es Fe que proviene de su nombre latino “Ferrum”. La mayoría de los símbolos tienen una o dos letras, pero se han utilizado símbolos de tres letras para describir algunos elementos que tienen números atómicos mayores que 112. Para evitar confusiones con otras notaciones, sólo la primera letra de un símbolo se escribe en mayúsculas. Por ejemplo, Co es el símbolo del elemento cobalto, pero CO es la notación del compuesto monóxido de carbono, que contiene átomos de los elementos carbono (C) y oxígeno (O).
 
 Tradicionalmente, el descubridor (o descubridores) de un nuevo elemento nombra al elemento. Sin embargo, hasta que el nombre sea reconocido por la Unión Internacional de Química Pura y Aplicada (IUPAC), el nombre recomendado del nuevo elemento se basa en la(s) palabra(s) latina(s) para su número atómico. Por ejemplo, el elemento 106 se llamaba unnilhexium (Unh), el elemento 107 se llamaba unnilseptium (Uns) y el elemento 108 se llamaba unniloctium (Uno) durante varios años. Estos elementos son ahora nombrados por científicos (u ocasionalmente lugares); por ejemplo, el elemento 106 es ahora conocido como seaborgium (Sg) en honor de Glenn Seaborg, un ganador del Premio Nobel que participó en el descubrimiento de varios elementos pesados. 
 
 Cada cuadrado de la tabla periódica contiene, como mínimo, un número atómico —que es también el número de protones— y un símbolo químico. 
 
 En el caso de un isótopo, se indica el número de masa o la suma de protones y neutrones junto con el símbolo y el número atómico. El número de masa define el isótopo específico de un elemento. Por ejemplo, estos son los dos isótopos del nitrógeno:
 
 <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;" />
 
 El símbolo de un isótopo específico de cualquier elemento se escribe colocando el número de masa como un superíndice a la izquierda del símbolo del elemento. Dado que el número atómico define la identidad del elemento, al igual que su símbolo, a menudo se omite. Por ejemplo, el magnesio existe como una mezcla de tres isótopos, cada uno con un número atómico de 12 y con números de masa de 24, 25 y 26, respectivamente. Estos isótopos pueden identificarse como24Mg, 25Mg y 26Mg. Estos símbolos isotópicos se leen como “elemento, número de masa” y pueden simbolizarse de forma coherente con esta lectura. Por ejemplo, 24Mg se lee como “magnesio 24” y puede escribirse como “magnesio-24” o “Mg-24” 25Mg se lee como “magnesio 25” y puede escribirse como “magnesio-25” o “Mg-25”. Todos los átomos de magnesio tienen 12 protones en su núcleo. Difieren sólo porque un átomo de 24Mg tiene 12 neutrones en su núcleo, un átomo de 25Mg tiene 13 neutrones y un átomo de 26Mg tiene 14 neutrones.
 
 Tenga en cuenta que además de los nombres y símbolos estándar, a menudo se hace referencia a los isótopos del hidrógeno utilizando nombres comunes y símbolos que los acompañan. El hidrógeno-2, simbolizado 2H, también es llamado deuterio y a veces simbolizado D. El hidrógeno-3, simbolizado 3H, también es llamado tritio y a veces simbolizado T.
 
 Texto adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">Openstax Chemistry 2e, Sección 2,3: Estructura atómica y simbolismo.</a>

Elementos: Símbolos Químicos e Isótopos

Un símbolo químico es una abreviatura utilizada para indicar un elemento o un átomo de un elemento. Por ejemplo, el símbolo del mercurio es Hg. El mismo símbolo es ...

Education

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Química

Atoms and Elements

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

reading-element-symbols-and-isotope-notation

the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

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elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

ions and ionic charges

Predicting Ion Charges on the Periodic Table

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Learn how chemical symbols, atomic numbers, and isotope notation identify elements, from mercury and iron to magnesium and hydrogen isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation | JoVE K12

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Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Atoms

Structure And Properties Of Matter

Quantifying matter

Physical Geology

Minerals

Atoms and elements

Virginia  Standards of Learning

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CH.2

CH.2.a

PS.4

PS.4.a

PS.4.b

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112.49.c.7.

112.49.c.7.A.

Arizona Science Standards

HS.P1

HS.P1U1.1

HS+C.P1

HS+C.P1U1.1

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Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.C.1.1.a

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Georgia Standards of Excellence

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PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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	...

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PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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