Name: lipid anchors in membrane proteins
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T09:16:02.000Z
Duration: 1 min 32 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.4.a

Lipids as Anchors

Los tres tipos más comunes de anclajes lipídicos son los grupos prenil, los grupos acilo grasos y los anclajes glicosilfosfatidilinositol o GPI.
Los grupos prenyl son los grupos farnesilo de 15 carbonos y geranilgeranyl de 20 carbonos. Se unen a los residuos de cisteína en o cerca del extremo carboxilado de las proteínas. 
El ácido mirístico saturado de 14 carbonos y el ácido palmítico de 16 carbonos son los anclajes de acilo graso más comunes unidos a las proteínas.
La adición de ácido mirístico, o miristoilación, ocurre en el residuo de glicina N-terminal de una proteína. La palmitoilación de las proteínas puede ocurrir en el residuo de cisteína terminal N o C.
Las proteínas preniladas, miristoiladas y palmitoiladas desempeñan un papel esencial en las vías de señalización intracelular y en las interacciones proteína-proteína.
Los anclajes GPI se adhieren a proteínas extracelulares y contienen una estructura central de fosfatidilinositol, glucosamina, tres manosas y fosfoetanolamina.
La fosfoetanolamina se une al aminoácido C-terminal de la proteína objetivo y el fosfolípido se inserta en la capa externa de la membrana.
Esto permite que las proteínas ancladas a GPI participen en funciones extracelulares como la comunicación célula-célula y la adhesión celular.

lípidos como anclas

En la membrana plasmática, los lípidos que forman la bicapa también pueden actuar como ancla para unir las proteínas a la membrana. Los tres tipos principales de anclajes lipídicos que se encuentran en las eucariotas son - los grupos prenilo, los grupos acilo grasos y los grupos glicosilfosfatidilinositol o GPI. Los grupos prenilo y acilo graso actúan como anclajes en la superficie citosólica de la membrana, mientras que GPI ancla proteínas en el lado extracelular.

El carboxilo terminal de la mayoría de las proteínas preniladas, como las proteínas Ras, contiene el motivo CaaX o caja CaaX donde "C" representa cisteína, "a" representa cualquier aminoácido alifático y "X" representa cualquier otro aminoácido. residuo. El aminoácido presente en la posición "X" determina si el enlace a la proteína será el enlace farnesilo o geranilgeranilo. Si la "X" es alanina, serina, metionina, cisteína o glutamina, entonces la farnesil transferasa reconoce el motivo CaaX y vincula el farnesilo a la proteína. Por otro lado, si la "X'" es ácido glutámico o leucina, entonces la geranil transferasa tipo I identifica el motivo CaaX y le une geranilgeranilo. Después de la prenilación, el tripéptido aaX se elimina mediante proteasas específicas y una metiltransferasa metila el residuo de cisteína cargado negativamente resultante. La metilación elimina la carga negativa presente en la cisteína y la vuelve hidrofóbica.

A veces, se utiliza más de un anclaje lipídico para unir la proteína a la membrana. Por ejemplo, la tirosina quinasa citoplasmática se ancla a la membrana con la ayuda de los ácidos mirístico y palmítico. Sin embargo, las proteínas ancladas a GPI normalmente no necesitan otro ancla para su estabilización. Un extremo del GPI contiene los dos grupos acilo grasos que pueden insertarse en la bicapa lipídica. Por el contrario, en el otro extremo, la fosfoetanolamina se une a las proteínas diana implicadas en diferentes funciones celulares.

Lípidos como anclas

En la membrana plasmática, los lípidos que forman la bicapa también pueden actuar como un anclaje para atar las proteínas a la membrana. Los tres tipos principales de anclajes lipídicos ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biología Celular

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Membrane Structure and Components

Estructura y componentes de la membrana

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

lipid anchors in membrane proteins

Lipid anchors help attach proteins to the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, the main lipid anchors are prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or GPI, groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups anchor proteins on the cytosolic side of the membrane. GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.

Prenylated proteins often have a CaaX motif at the carboxy terminus. In this sequence, C means cysteine, a means any aliphatic amino acid, and X means any other amino acid residue. The amino acid at the X position helps decide the type of linkage. If X is alanine, serine, methionine, cysteine, or glutamine, farnesyl transferase attaches a farnesyl group. If X is glutamic acid or leucine, geranylgeranyl transferase type I attaches a geranylgeranyl group.

After prenylation, specific proteases remove the aaX tripeptide. Then a methyltransferase methylates the cysteine that remains. This step removes the negative charge on the cysteine and makes it more hydrophobic. The change helps the protein stay associated with the membrane.

Some proteins use more than one lipid anchor. A cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, for example, is anchored with both myristic acid and palmitic acid. GPI-anchored proteins usually do not need a second anchor for stability. The GPI group has two fatty acyl groups that insert into the lipid bilayer. Its other end contains phosphoethanolamine, which links to target proteins involved in different cell functions.

Lipid Anchors in Membrane Proteins

what are membranes?

Membrane Receptors and Cell Signals

The plasma membrane sets the outer boundary of a cell and helps control how the cell interacts with its environment. It lets some substances enter, keeps others out, and releases some materials in controlled amounts. The membrane also needs to stay flexible so cells such as red and white blood cells can change shape as they move through narrow capillaries. The membrane surface also carries markers that help cells recognize one another. This recognition is important during early development,...

membrane fluidity

How Cell Membranes Stay Flexible

Cell membranes stay flexible because of the fluid mosaic model. The plasma membrane is a mosaic of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. These parts are separate but loosely attached, so the membrane keeps a fluid character. The membrane is still fairly rigid, but it can flow and self-seal after a very fine needle passes through it. Phospholipid tails also affect membrane fluidity. Saturated fatty acids in phospholipids have straight tails because they are packed with...

fluid mosaic model

Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane

The fluid mosaic model explains the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Scientists first identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s, and by 1915 they had identified its main chemical parts: lipids and proteins. Early electron micrographs showed a railroad track pattern, which helped lead to the first widely accepted membrane model in 1935.

membrane lipids

Membrane Lipids in Cells and Tissues

Membrane lipids give biological membranes their structure and help set their properties. In mammalian cells, lipids make up about 50% of the membrane on average. The amount can be much lower in the inner mitochondrial membrane or much higher in the myelin sheath around nerve cells. Several phospholipids are common in mammalian membranes. These include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine carries a negative...

asymmetric lipid bilayer

Membrane Lipid Unevenness

Biological membranes have an uneven mix of lipids between the inner and outer layers. This membrane asymmetry gives each side a different chemical makeup and supports different cell functions. Evidence for this uneven layout came from treating an erythrocyte membrane with phospholipase. Phospholipase is an enzyme that breaks lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. It acted only on the outer layer, while the inner layer stayed intact. The treatment degraded about 80% of total membrane...

membrane asymmetry regulating transporters

membrane-asymmetry-regulating-transporters

Membrane Lipid Flipping and Transport

Membrane lipid flipping and transport help cells keep an uneven, or asymmetric, distribution of phospholipids across the membrane. This balance is controlled by flippase, floppase, and scramblase enzymes, which move lipids between the two membrane leaflets. Flippases move specific phospholipids from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet. In eukaryotes, these enzymes are type-IV P-type ATPases, also called P4-ATPases. They are membrane pumps that use ATP and contain one transmembrane domain...

membrane carbohydrates

Membrane Sugars and Cell Identity

Membrane carbohydrates help give cells their surface identity and support plasma membrane function. The plasma membrane is a dynamic barrier made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These sugar chains have unique structural and chemical traits that help the membrane work properly for cell growth and survival. Membrane carbohydrates do not have a hydrophobic region, so they are found only on the outer surface of the cell. Sugar addition, or glycosylation, of proteins occurs in the lumens of...

membrane proteins

Facilitated Transport Across Cell Membranes

Facilitated transport uses membrane proteins to help materials cross the plasma membrane. These integral transmembrane proteins act as channels or carriers. They move selected substances through the membrane more easily than the lipid layer alone would allow. Channel proteins provide a hydrophilic, or water-friendly, path through the membrane. Their core forms a hydrated opening that lets solutes pass between the inside and outside fluids of the cell. This helps polar compounds avoid the...

lipids as anchors

Lipid anchors help attach proteins to the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, the main lipid anchors are prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or GPI, groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups anchor proteins on the cytosolic side of the membrane. GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side. Prenylated proteins often have a CaaX motif at the carboxy terminus. In this sequence, C means cysteine, a means any aliphatic amino acid, and X means any other amino acid...

single-pass transmembrane proteins

How Membrane Proteins Span Cell Membranes

Membrane proteins help cells communicate, send signals, stick to other cells, and move molecules across the membrane. Integral membrane proteins are tightly linked to the cell membrane and carry out these jobs. Some integral membrane proteins sit only in one membrane layer. Fatty acid amide hydrolase is one example, and it is found on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. Other integral membrane proteins are transmembrane proteins, which span across the membrane. These proteins have...

multi-pass transmembrane proteins and &#946;-barrels

multi-pass-transmembrane-proteins-and-barrels

Membrane-Spanning Helices and β-Barrels

Membrane-spanning proteins can cross the cell membrane more than once. Their transmembrane chain usually folds into either an alpha-helix or a beta-strand. Alpha-helix multi-pass proteins are common, while beta-strand proteins are found mainly in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Some multi-pass alpha-helix proteins are G-protein-linked receptors, or GPCRs, and bacteriorhodopsin. GPCRs have seven transmembrane alpha-helices. Each receptor also has its own extracellular...

detergent purification of membrane proteins

detergent-purification-of-membrane-proteins

How Detergents Solubilize Membrane Proteins

Detergents help solubilize membrane proteins so they can be purified from the lipid bilayer. Their hydrophobic region can replace membrane phospholipids and keep integral membrane proteins in solution. A detergent works well only when its monomers reach the critical micelle concentration, or CMC. At that point, the molecules assemble into micelles, which are small clusters of detergent. Above the CMC, free detergent monomers stay in equilibrium with the micelles. The CMC varies with the...

protein diffusion in the membrane

How Membrane Proteins Move Side to Side

Membrane proteins can move across the cell surface by lateral diffusion, and they can also rotate in place. Scientists confirmed lateral movement with a cell fusion experiment. Mouse and human cells were fused to make hybrid cells. The membrane proteins on the two cells were tagged with red and green fluorescent markers. At first, each color stayed on its own side of the fused cell. After 40 minutes, the colors mixed across the whole cell surface, showing that the proteins had moved laterally. <br...

membrane domains

Lipid Rafts and Sperm Membrane Regions

Membrane domains organize specific lipids and proteins in defined parts of a cell membrane. This arrangement supports cell signaling, adhesion, and other important cellular processes. These domains can vary in size, composition, function, and how long they last. Some membrane domains are built from proteins. The membrane can contain distinct protein groups that carry out a cell’s specific functions. A clear example is the plasma membrane of a human sperm cell, which has different proteins in...

mechanisms of membrane domain formation

How Cell Membranes Form Domains

Cell membranes form domains when lipids and proteins gather into distinct regions. These regions, or membrane domains, are shaped by different physical properties that help some molecules stay together while others move apart. Some domains form through protein-protein interactions. Others depend on specific lipids, such as sphingolipids and sterols. Large proteins, including bacteriorhodopsin, can also cluster and create visible membrane domains. Membrane proteins can be held in place by...

mechanisms of membrane-bending

How Proteins Shape Cell Membranes

Cell membranes can bend into many shapes because they are flexible and made of a fluid mosaic. That bending can be temporary, as in vesicles, or long-lasting, as in microvilli. Cells control the size, place, and time of membrane curvature. Membrane bending can start inside the membrane itself or from proteins attaching to it. Changes in lipid makeup can create curvature, and proteins can help by making the membrane asymmetric or by clustering certain lipids. The shape of integral proteins also...

key terms and concepts

Learn how prenyl, fatty acyl, and GPI anchors attach proteins to the plasma membrane, including the CaaX motif and key enzyme steps.

Lipid Anchors in Membrane Proteins | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biología Celular ilustra procesos celulares complejos mediante completos vídeos animados fáciles de entender. Esta colección se centra en los componentes esenciales de las células y su funcionamiento, incluyendo los orgánulos y las membranas, el transporte celular y el metabolismo energético celular. Todo este material se complementa con los vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran la aplicación de la biología celular en experimentos reales de investigación.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.3

What are Cells?

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Cell Size

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

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overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

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Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory ...

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of ...

Types of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and ...

Gap Junctions

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The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

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Plasmodesmata

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pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge ...

Chemistry of the Cell

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable ...

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, ...

1. Engage in evidence-based argument to relate a cell's function to the structure, function, and diversity of its components. Examples: Muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria, which create energy for contraction in the form of ATP. Some plant cells have a large vacuole which is used for storage and transport of excess nutrients in changing environments.

9-12.B.1.1

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RNA Structure

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Types of RNA

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Transcription

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Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

General Transcription Factors

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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Transcription Elongation Factors

pre-mrna-processing-modification-of-pre-mrna-ends

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or ...

Pre-mRNA Processing: RNA Splicing

Chromatin Structure and RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA Splicing

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

The Nucleolus

Additional Subnuclear Structures

Translation

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tRNA Activation

Initiation of Translation

Termination of Translation

Improving Translational Accuracy

prokaryotic-transcriptional-activators-and-repressors

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

Co-activators and Co-repressors

The Proteasome

Master Transcription Regulators

Regulated Protein Degradation

Regulated mRNA Transport

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between ...

regulation-of-expression-occurs-at-multiple-steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Cis-regulatory Sequences

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

cooperative-binding-of-transcription-regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. ...

2. Obtain and evaluate information to explain the role of DNA and RNA in transcription and translation leading to protein synthesis and cellular function.

9-12.B.1.2

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

a. Use a model to describe the structure and sequence of DNA, including nucleotide structure, base pairing, and the structure of the helix.

9-12.B.1.2.a

Lipid Anchors in Membrane Proteins

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