Name: cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:29:33.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

Cytoplasm

En las células eucariotas, el citoplasma es el área entre la membrana plasmática y la envoltura nuclear.
Dado que las células procariotas carecen de núcleo, el citoplasma se refiere a todo lo que está encerrado dentro de la membrana plasmática.
En ambos tipos de células, el espacio citoplasmático está lleno por una matriz gelatinosa llamada citosol.
El citosol es una solución acuosa que contiene muchos iones solubles, moléculas pequeñas y macromoléculas.
El citoplasma de las células eucariotas también incluye numerosos orgánulos unidos a la membrana que realizan funciones celulares especializadas, como las mitocondrias, el retículo endoplásmico y el aparato de Golgi.
Un entramado de fibras proteicas presentes en el citoplasma, el citoesqueleto, da forma y estructura a la célula. También ayuda en el transporte intracelular y la motilidad celular.
Además, muchas funciones celulares no organulísticas, como la síntesis de proteínas, también tienen lugar en el citoplasma. La naturaleza acuosa del citoplasma facilita el plegamiento de las proteínas al repeler los grupos laterales de aminoácidos hidrofóbicos en el núcleo de la proteína.
Algunas células también almacenan productos metabólicos insolubles como el glucógeno en su citoplasma en forma de inclusiones.

citoplasma

El citoplasma consta de orgánulos y una estructura de estructuras proteicas denominada citoesqueleto suspendidas en una solución acuosa, el citosol. El citosol es un caldo rico en agua, iones, sales y diversas moléculas orgánicas.

Plegado y plegamiento incorrecto de proteínas

El citoplasma es el lugar de varios procesos celulares, incluida la síntesis y el plegamiento de proteínas. La naturaleza acuosa del citosol promueve el plegamiento de proteínas de modo que las cadenas laterales de aminoácidos hidrófobos quedan enterradas en el núcleo de la proteína mientras que los aminoácidos hidrófilos se enfrentan al citosol. Sin embargo, el estrés celular, como el envejecimiento y los cambios de pH, temperatura u osmolaridad, pueden provocar un plegamiento incorrecto de las proteínas. Las proteínas mal plegadas pueden acumularse en el citoplasma para formar agregados de proteínas insolubles. Estos agregados están implicados en trastornos neurodegenerativos, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer y Parkinson.

Composición y función del citoesqueleto

El citoesqueleto eucariota consta de tres tipos de proteínas filamentosas: microtúbulos, microfilamentos y filamentos intermedios.

Los microtúbulos, el tipo de filamentos más grande, están formados por la proteína tubulina. Son estructuras dinámicas que pueden crecer o encogerse añadiendo o eliminando moléculas de tubulina de los extremos de sus hebras. Proporcionan estabilidad estructural a la célula y actúan como vías para transportar proteínas, vesículas y ciertos orgánulos dentro de la célula. Además, los microtúbulos desempeñan un papel crucial en la división celular al proporcionar un marco que guía a los cromosomas hacia los extremos opuestos de la célula.

Los microfilamentos, o filamentos de actina, son filamentos citoesqueléticos más pequeños formados por una proteína llamada actina. Las proteínas actina pueden ensamblarse y desensamblarse rápidamente para formar filamentos. Por lo tanto, permiten la motilidad en organismos unicelulares como la ameba o la migración de glóbulos blancos a los sitios de infección. En las células del músculo esquelético, los filamentos de actina se deslizan a lo largo de los filamentos de miosina para mediar la contracción muscular.

Los filamentos intermedios no son tan dinámicos como los microtúbulos o los filamentos de actina. Sin embargo, al igual que los otros dos tipos de filamentos, también proporcionan soporte estructural a la célula. Los filamentos intermedios están compuestos de diferentes tipos de proteínas según el tipo de célula específica. Por ejemplo, los filamentos intermedios del cabello y las uñas contienen queratina, mientras que, en las células musculares, estos filamentos están formados por desminas.

Citoplasma

El citoplasma consta de orgánulos y un marco de andamios de proteínas llamado citoesqueleto suspendido en una solución acuosa, el citosol. El...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biología Celular

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Células, genomas y evolución

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities.

The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while hydrophilic amino acids face the cytosol.

Cell stress can disrupt this process. Changes in pH, temperature, osmolarity, or aging can cause proteins to misfold. These misfolded proteins may collect in the cytoplasm and form insoluble aggregates. Such aggregates are linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

The cytoskeleton is the protein framework inside the cytoplasm. It includes three filament types: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the largest and are built from tubulin. They can grow or shrink by adding or removing tubulin at their ends. They help give the cell structural stability and serve as tracks for moving proteins, vesicles, and some organelles. They also help guide chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.

Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are smaller and are made of actin. They can assemble and disassemble quickly. This rapid change helps amoeba move and helps white blood cells migrate to infection sites. In skeletal muscle cells, actin filaments slide along myosin filaments to drive muscle contraction.

Intermediate filaments are less dynamic than microtubules or actin filaments, but they still provide support. They are made of different proteins depending on the cell type. In hair and nails, intermediate filaments contain keratin. In muscle cells, they are made of desmins.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

what are cells?

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. A bacterium can be a single cell, while a human is made of trillions of cells. Even with this range, cells share key features that support life. A living cell has a plasma membrane. This is a bilayer of lipids that separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment. A cell also carries genetic information in the form of DNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

the tree of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

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prokaryotic cells

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animal and plant cell structure

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cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities. The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while...

the nucleus

Nuclear DNA, Chromatin, and Nucleoli

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the dna helix

How DNA Structure Was Discovered

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the central dogma

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mutations

Mutations in DNA and Inherited Disease

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genome size and the evolution of new genes

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

Genome Size and Gene Evolution

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gene families

Shared Origins of Gene Families

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gene evolution - fast or slow?

Gene Evolution Rates and Selection

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types of genetic transfer between organisms

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the cytoplasm, cytosol, and cytoskeleton support cell structure, protein folding, transport, cell division, movement, and muscle contraction.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biología Celular ilustra procesos celulares complejos mediante completos vídeos animados fáciles de entender. Esta colección se centra en los componentes esenciales de las células y su funcionamiento, incluyendo los orgánulos y las membranas, el transporte celular y el metabolismo energético celular. Todo este material se complementa con los vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran la aplicación de la biología celular en experimentos reales de investigación.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance And Variation Of Traits

HS-LS3-1

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Ribozymes

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The Nucleus

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

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Cell Structure

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LS.Bio.1.4

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Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

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