Name: why motion seems different in accelerating frames
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:54:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Physical Science

Forces and Interactions

3.2.9-12.J

Non-inertial Frames of Reference

Recordemos que los marcos de referencia en los que se cumplen las leyes de Newton se conocen como marcos inerciales. Sin embargo, hay marcos de referencia que desafían las leyes de Newton, llamados marcos de referencia no inerciales.
Los bastidores no inerciales aceleran o desaceleran en relación con los bastidores inerciales.
Por ejemplo, cuando un avión despega, los pasajeros sienten una fuerza hacia atrás opuesta a la aceleración del avión. Esto viola la segunda ley de Newton según la cual los objetos se aceleran en la dirección de la fuerza externa neta.
En los marcos no inerciales, las fuerzas inerciales o ficticias que no tienen origen físico son necesarias para explicar el movimiento de los objetos. Entonces, en mecánica, es más conveniente usar un marco inercial.
Idealmente, un marco de referencia fijado a la Tierra no es inercial debido a su revolución y rotación. Sin embargo, las fuerzas debidas a la rotación de la Tierra son insignificantes en pequeños movimientos mecánicos, pero afectan a movimientos a gran escala como los patrones de viento.
La fuerza ficticia en este marco desvía el viento en el sentido de las agujas del reloj en el hemisferio norte y en el sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj en el hemisferio sur.

No se han declarado conflictos de interés.

marcos de referencia no inercials

Un marco de referencia que está acelerando o desacelerando con respecto a un marco de referencia inercial es un marco no inercial. Para entender esto, considera lo que tienen en común el despegue en un avión, dar una vuelta en un automóvil, montar en un carrusel y el movimiento circular de un ciclón tropical. Todos estos sistemas están acelerando, desacelerando o rotando con respecto a la Tierra; por lo tanto, todos son marcos no inercials. Todos estos sistemas exhiben fuerzas inercials, que parecen surgir del movimiento, porque el marco de referencia del observador está acelerando o rotando. Podemos conciliar estos puntos de vista examinando los marcos de referencia utilizados. Un físico elegirá el marco de referencia que sea más conveniente para la situación que se está analizando. Los físicos no tienen problema en incluir fuerzas inercials y la segunda ley de Newton, como de costumbre, si eso es más conveniente. De manera similar, se utilizan marcos de referencia no inercials (acelerados) cuando es útil. Se deben considerar diferentes marcos de referencia, por ejemplo, al discutir el movimiento de un astronauta en una nave espacial que viaja a velocidades cercanas a la velocidad de la luz, ya que esto se aplica a la teoría especial de la relatividad. La Tierra puede usarse como un marco de referencia inercial sin preocuparse demasiado por los efectos causados por su rotación. Sin embargo, existen dichos efectos, por ejemplo, en la rotación de los sistemas meteorológicos. Vista desde arriba del Polo Norte, la Tierra gira en sentido antihorario, y cualquier movimiento en el Hemisferio Norte de la Tierra experimenta una fuerza de Coriolis hacia la derecha. Lo contrario ocurre en el Hemisferio Sur, donde la fuerza es hacia la izquierda. Debido a que la velocidad angular de la Tierra es pequeña, la fuerza de Coriolis suele ser insignificante, pero tiene efectos sustanciales para movimientos a gran escala, como los patrones de viento. La fuerza de Coriolis hace que los huracanes en el Hemisferio Norte giren en sentido antihorario, mientras que los ciclones tropicales en el Hemisferio Sur giran en sentido horario. La rotación de los ciclones tropicales y el camino de una pelota en un carrusel también se pueden explicar igualmente mediante la inercia y la rotación del sistema debajo. Cuando se utilizan marcos de referencia no inercials, se deben inventar fuerzas inercials, como la fuerza de Coriolis, para explicar el camino curvo. No hay una fuente física identificable para estas fuerzas inercials. Cuando se utilizan marcos de referencia inercials, la inercia explica el camino y hay una fuente identificable para cada fuerza. Podemos usar cualquiera de los puntos de vista para describir la naturaleza, pero una vista en un marco de referencia inercial es más simple, ya que todas las fuerzas tienen orígenes y explicaciones. Este texto está adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/5-6-common-forces">Openstax, University Physics Volume 1, Sección 5.6: Fuerzas comunes</a> y <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/6-3-centripetal-force"> Sección 6.3: Fuerza centrípeta.</a>

Marcos de referencia no inercials

Un sistema de referencia que acelera o desacelera en relación con un sistema de referencia inercial es un sistema de referencia no inercial. Para ayudar a entender esto, considere lo que despegar en ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Physics

Física

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Newton's Laws of Motion

Leyes del movimiento de Newton

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

why motion seems different in accelerating frames

A non-inertial frame of reference is a frame that accelerates, decelerates, or rotates relative to an inertial frame. In these frames, motion can look unusual because the observer is moving with the system. That is why an airplane taking off, a car turning a corner, a merry-go-round, and a tropical cyclone can all be examples of non-inertial motion.

These situations can show inertial forces, which seem to appear because the frame itself is accelerating or rotating. The force does not come from a physical source in the usual sense. Instead, it is tied to the observer’s frame of reference.

Physicists choose the reference frame that is most useful for the problem being studied. They can use inertial frames and apply Newton’s second law in the usual way. They can also use non-inertial frames when that makes the description easier.

Different frames of reference matter in special cases, such as an astronaut in a spacecraft moving near the speed of light. This is important in the special theory of relativity. In many problems, the Earth is used as an inertial frame because its rotation causes little trouble.

Even so, Earth’s rotation does affect some motions. Viewed from above the North Pole, Earth rotates counterclockwise. Motion in the Northern Hemisphere then experiences a Coriolis force to the right, while the Southern Hemisphere experiences a force to the left.

Because Earth’s angular velocity is small, the Coriolis force is usually negligible. It still has major effects on large-scale motion, such as wind patterns. It helps explain why hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere rotate counterclockwise and why tropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere rotate clockwise.

The path of a ball on a merry-go-round and the motion of a tropical cyclone can also be explained by inertia and by the rotation of the system underneath. When a non-inertial frame is used, inertial forces such as the Coriolis force must be added to explain the curved path. When an inertial frame is used, inertia explains the motion, and every force has a clear source. Both views can describe nature, but the inertial frame is usually simpler.

Why Motion Seems Different in Accelerating Frames

why-motion-seems-different-in-accelerating-frames

force

Understanding Force in Motion

Force is a push or pull that acts on an object. It has both magnitude and direction, so force is a vector quantity. In everyday life, force appears when we open a door, walk down a street, lift a fork, or touch a baby's face. Forces also shape matter at the smallest scales. The atoms in our bodies are held together by electrical forces. The nucleus of an atom is held together by nuclear force, which is the strongest force known to us. The study of motion is called kinematics. Kinematics...

types of forces

Contact and Field Forces in Physics

Forces in physics are often grouped as contact forces and field forces. Contact forces happen when objects touch directly. Field forces act without direct physical contact. They come from a field, which is a region of space that can be detected by the force it exerts on a body. Scientists describe four fundamental force fields in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear. The gravitational field gives a body its weight. The electromagnetic field includes static...

newton's first law: introduction

Newton's First Law and Inertia

Newton's first law of motion explains inertia and how forces change motion. Motion can be striking to observe, from a dolphin jumping from water to a bird in flight or a satellite moving in orbit. The study of motion is kinematics, which describes velocity and acceleration. Dynamics goes further by examining the forces that affect moving objects and systems. Newton's laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. They are simple in form, but they describe a wide range of natural behavior.

newton's first law: application

Newton's First Law and Friction

Newton's first law explains why friction changes an object's motion. It says that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion keeps moving unless a net external force acts on it. A net external force is the overall force from outside the object that causes a change in velocity, meaning a change in speed or direction. This idea gives a cause-and-effect reason for motion, rather than just describing what we see. Galileo first developed the idea behind the first law of motion, and...

internal and external forces

External Forces and Motion Changes

External forces and motion changes are linked in Newton’s first law. A net external force causes a change in motion. External forces act on an object or system from outside that object or system. Internal forces come from inside the system of interest. They act on one part of an object and are exerted by another part of the same object. These forces do not cause acceleration when the whole system is studied. When analyzing motion, the internal forces are ignored. Instead, only the external...

newton's second law

Force, Mass, and Acceleration

Newton's second law connects net force, mass, and acceleration. It explains how an object's motion changes when external forces act on it. The law gives a clear cause-and-effect link that can be used to make calculations. All external forces on a system are added together to find the net force, or F net. A larger net external force produces a larger acceleration. The acceleration points in the same direction as the net force. Mass also affects the result. A larger mass means more inertia, so...

mass and weight

Weight Changes, Mass Stays Constant

Mass and weight are related, but they are not the same. In physics, weight is the pull of the Earth on an object. It depends on how far the object is from the center of the Earth. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, and it does not change with location. Everyday language can make this difference confusing. Medical records often list body weight in kilograms, even though the correct force unit is the newton. That can make mass and weight seem interchangeable. In physics, however, they...

weightlessness

Weightlessness in Free Fall

Weightlessness happens when contact forces disappear, even though gravity is still present. In physics, an object in free fall has only gravity acting on it. If the net external force on the object is its weight, the object is accelerating toward the center of the Earth. Galileo showed that, without air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration g. On Earth, falling objects are never truly in free fall because air always pushes upward with some resistance force. That is why real...

apparent weight

Scale Readings in Motion and Water

Scale readings can change when an object is moving or submerged in water. The force we call true weight is the gravitational force acting on an object. When motion or fluid forces are present, the reading can differ from that true weight. In water, this changed reading is called apparent weight, and it equals true weight minus the buoyant force. A bathroom scale in an elevator shows how this works. At rest, the scale reads the force the person pushes downward on it. The only forces on the...

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newton's third law: introduction

Newton's Third Law in Force Pairs

Newton's third law explains how force pairs work in motion and interactions. When one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. A simple example is a person pushing on a wall. The wall pushes back on the person with an equal and opposite force. This is why Newton's third law is often described as action and reaction, where the action is the force exerted and the reaction is the force experienced afterward. <br...

newton's third law: examples

Newton's Third Law in Motion

Newton's third law explains how forces come in pairs during motion. It says that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. In these examples, the two forces act on different systems, so they do not cancel each other out. A swimmer pushing off the side of a pool shows this clearly. The swimmer pushes against the wall with their feet and then accelerates in the opposite direction. The wall pushes back with an equal and opposite force. If the swimmer is the system of interest, the wall's...

drawing free-body diagrams: rules

Free-Body Diagrams for Newton’s Laws

Free-body diagrams help students map the forces acting on an object in physics. They are used often when studying and applying Newton’s laws of motion. A clear diagram makes it easier to analyze a system before solving for motion. Start by drawing the object under consideration. If the object is treated like a particle, show it as a point and place that point at the origin of an x-y coordinate system. Then add every force that acts on the object as a vector. Do not include the net force on the...

free body diagrams: examples

Free Body Diagram Force Examples

Free body diagrams show the external forces acting on an object or system. The object is drawn as a single isolated point, or free body, so the forces are easier to analyze. Only forces that come from outside the object or system are included. These forces are shown as vectors pointing away from the free body. A person sitting on a chair is a simple example. The free-body diagram has two forces. The chair exerts an upward normal force, and gravity pulls downward with the weight. A rocket sled...

inertial frames of reference

Newton's First Law and Reference Frames

Newton's first law helps identify inertial reference frames. An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton's first law holds true. In that frame, an object with no net force moves at constant velocity. A key idea is that any frame moving at constant velocity relative to an inertial frame is also inertial. For that reason, inertial frames can be found by comparing motion from one frame to another. The laws of physics do not give one inertial frame special status over another. In nature, a...

non-inertial frames of reference

A non-inertial frame of reference is a frame that accelerates, decelerates, or rotates relative to an inertial frame. In these frames, motion can look unusual because the observer is moving with the system. That is why an airplane taking off, a car turning a corner, a merry-go-round, and a tropical cyclone can all be examples of non-inertial motion. These situations can show inertial forces, which seem to appear because the frame itself is accelerating or rotating. The force does not come from...

centrifugal force

Rotating Frames and Pseudo Forces

Pseudo forces, also called fictitious forces, appear in a rotating frame of reference when compared with an inertial frame. They are not real forces. Instead, they are mathematical tools that help make Newton&amp;#39;s laws of motion easier to use in a non-inertial frame. Common examples include centrifugal, Coriolis, and Euler forces. These forces matter in mechanics, astrophysics, and fluid dynamics. In these areas, motion is often described from a frame that is not inertial. That is why...

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key terms and concepts

Explore how accelerating, decelerating, and rotating frames change the way motion looks, from cars and merry-go-rounds to Coriolis force and hurricanes.

Why Motion Seems Different in Accelerating Frames | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Física presenta la teoría y la aplicación de conceptos físicos fundamentales, como la cinemática, dinámica, mecánica de fluidos, estática, ondas y acústica, mediante animaciones audiovisuales concisas y fáciles de entender. Además, los vídeos de científicos en acción muestran la aplicación de los conceptos relacionados en experimentos de investigación clásicos y originales, realizados en laboratorios de todo el mundo.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-2

HS-PS2-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Forces And Motion

Motion

Tennessee Academic Standards

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

PHYS.PS2.14

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.8

PS.8.b

PH.3

PH.3.a

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.12

SC.912.P.12.3

SC.912.P.12.8

SC.912.P.12.9

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

PHYS.5

PHYS.5.C

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Forces and Interactions

HS-PS2-1.

Newton's Second Law

Newton&#39;s second law is closely related to his first law of motion. It mathematically gives the cause-and-effect relationship between force and changes ...

Second Law: Motion under Same Force

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Second Law: Motion under Same Acceleration

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3.2.9-12.I

Inertial Frames of Reference

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Students who demonstrate understanding can apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision. Clarifying Statement: Examples of evaluation and refinement could include determining the success of the device at protecting an object from damage and modifying the design to improve it. Examples of a device could include a football helmet or a parachute. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to qualitative evaluations and/or algebraic manipulations.

3.2.9-12.K

Gravitation

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Newton's Law of Gravitation

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Electric Charges

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sources-and-properties-of-electric-charge

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

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Coulomb's Law

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the-principle-of-superposition-and-the-gravitational-field

The Principle of Superposition and the Gravitational Field

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Electric Field

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Magnetic Fields

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Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

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Consider a point charge moving with a ...

Electromagnetic Fields

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Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical representations of Newton's Law of Gravitation and Coulomb's Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects. Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on both quantitative and conceptual descriptions of gravitational and electric fields. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to systems with two objects.

3.2.9-12.L

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ...

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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Students who demonstrate understanding can plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current. Clarifying Statement: N/A Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to designing and conducting investigations with provided materials and tools.

3.2.9-12.M

Why Motion Seems Different in Accelerating Frames

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