Name: spindle position and cell division plane
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:51.000Z
Duration: 2 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Una célula en división, que determina con precisión su plano de división celular, es esencial para la separación exitosa de los cromosomas y la distribución del contenido citoplasmático a sus células hijas.
En los animales, el plano de división se encuentra en el ecuador de la célula, entre los cromosomas segregados, y su ubicación se determina durante la anafase. Los microtúbulos que forman el huso mitótico interactúan con la corteza celular y juegan un papel decisivo en la especificación del surco de escisión.
Se utilizan tres modelos diferentes para explicar la determinación del plano de división celular: el modelo de estimulación astral, el modelo de relajación polar y el modelo de estimulación del huso central.
En el modelo de estimulación astral, las matrices radiales de microtúbulos astrales interactúan con la corteza ecuatorial e inducen la formación del surco de escote.
En el modelo de relajación polar, los microtúbulos astrales envían señales inhibitorias a los polos celulares y, por lo tanto, suprimen la formación del surco de escisión en ambos polos. Esto conduce a la contracción cortical en el ecuador celular.
Una vez que comienza la anafase, los microtúbulos interpolares presentes entre los cromosomas segregados se reorganizan en los microtúbulos antiparalelos superpuestos, también conocidos como huso central. En el modelo de estimulación del huso central, el huso central estimula la formación de surcos de escisión en la corteza ecuatorial. 
El consenso general es que los tres procesos actúan juntos para determinar el plano de división celular. Este enfoque múltiple puede hacer que el sistema responda a las fluctuaciones en la concentración de proteínas, así como al tamaño de las células y, por lo tanto, aumenta la precisión de la división celular.
La contribución de cada método depende del tipo y tamaño de la célula. Por ejemplo, en los embriones de C. elegans, una gran variedad de microtúbulos astrales está presente y, por lo tanto, puede desempeñar un papel más activo en la determinación del plano de división celular.

<ol>
	<li>Biología molecular de la célula, Alberts, 6ª edición. Páginas 997-999.</li>
	<li>Biología Celular Molecular, Lodish, 8ª edición. Páginas: 903.</li>
	<li>Geelen, Danny. "La posición del plano de división está determinada por un sitio de división cortical en la membrana plasmática". En Biotecnología y Agricultura Sostenible 2006 y Más Allá, pp. 121-124. Springer, Dordrecht, 2007.</li>
	<li>Balasubramanian, Mohan K., Erfei Bi y Michael Glotzer. "Análisis comparativo de la citocinesis en levadura en ciernes, levadura de fisión y células animales". Current Biology 14, no. 18 (2004): R806-R818.</li>
	<li>Canto, Juan. "Andamios septinos y planos de escisión en Saccharomyces". Celda 84, no. 2 (1996): 187-190.</li>
	<li>Rincón, Sergio A. y Anne Paoletti. "Mid1/anillina y la regulación espacial de la citocinesis en levadura de fisión". Citoesqueleto 69, no. 10 (2012): 764-777.</li>
	<li>Galli, Matilde y Sander van den Heuvel. "Determinación del plano de escisión en embriones tempranos de C. elegans". Revista anual de genética 42 (2008): 389-411.</li>
</ol>

determinación del plano de división celular

Posicionar el plano de división celular es un paso crítico durante el desarrollo y la diferenciación celular, particularmente durante la mitosis cuando el plano es esencial para determinar el tamaño de las dos células hijas. El plano de división celular es perpendicular al plano de segregación cromosómica, pero diferentes tipos de organismos tienen diferentes mecanismos de división celular para adaptarse a su morfología y función.

Células animales

En las células animales, el surco de escisión se forma a lo largo del plano de división celular a partir de la corteza celular, la región debajo de la membrana plasmática. El huso mitótico juega un papel decisivo en la determinación del plano de división celular; por tanto, un cambio en el eje del huso mitótico puede alterar el plano de división. Esta estrategia es utilizada por algunos organismos eucariotas, como Caenorhabditis elegans, para pasar de la división celular simétrica a la asimétrica. La división celular simétrica produce dos células hijas idénticas y, a menudo, se utiliza para cultivar tejidos que contienen muchas células del mismo tipo. Por el contrario, la división asimétrica crea diversidad celular ya que genera dos células hijas no idénticas. Por ejemplo, las células neuroepiteliales inicialmente aumentan su número al sufrir divisiones simétricas. Después de lo cual, utilizan la división asimétrica para producir células hijas similares a la célula madre, así como neuronas diferenciadoras.

Levadura

En levaduras en ciernes, como Saccharomyces cerevisiae, el plano de división celular lo deciden las proteínas septina en la fase G1. La citocinesis se logra formando un surco de escisión en la región del cuello de las células de levadura en ciernes; sin embargo, el aparato mitótico no desempeña ningún papel en la determinación del plano de división celular. Por el contrario, en levaduras de fisión, como Schizosaccharomyces pombe, la posición del núcleo en interfase decide la ubicación del plano de división celular en la fase G2. Durante la interfase, la proteína Mid1 se localiza principalmente en el núcleo; sin embargo, durante la mitosis, Mid1 se exporta desde el núcleo a la corteza celular, donde recluta componentes del anillo de actomiosina a la región medial de la célula. Esto eventualmente da como resultado que la célula madre se divida en dos células hijas de tamaño similar.

Plantas

En la mayoría de las células vegetales, el plano de división celular se decide antes de que la célula inicie la mitosis. Se forma una banda preprofase a lo largo del ecuador de la célula madre, que marca el plano de división celular. La banda preprofase es una estructura en forma de anillo compuesta de microtúbulos y actina F. Da lugar a un haz de microtúbulos llamado fragmoplasto, que proporciona un andamio estructural para la expansión y el posicionamiento de la placa celular.

Determinación del plano de división celular

El posicionamiento del plano de división celular es un paso crítico durante el desarrollo y la diferenciación celular, particularmente durante la mitosis cuando el plano es ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biología Celular

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Cell Division

División celular

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

spindle position and cell division plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division.

This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form.

The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that plane. By tracking spindle position, scientists can study how division is oriented inside the cell. This makes the concept easier to connect to the steps of mitosis and cell structure.

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

mitosis and cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

Chromosome copying is an important step in cell division. Before a cell divides, it must make an exact copy of its chromosomes so each new cell can receive the same genetic information. A chromosome is a DNA-containing structure that carries genes. During duplication, the chromosome is copied into two identical sister chromatids. These copies stay attached until the cell is ready to separate them. This process helps ensure that daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes. Accurate...

cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

Cohesins are protein complexes that help hold sister chromatids together after DNA is copied. They play a key role in cell division by keeping the two copies of a chromosome connected until the right time. These proteins act like a link between the sister chromatids. When the cell is ready to separate them, cohesins must be removed or released so each new cell can get one complete set of chromosomes. Cohesins are an important part of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Their...

condensins

Condensin Proteins in Chromosome Packing

Condensin proteins help pack DNA into condensed chromosomes during cell division. They are part of the larger set of proteins that organize genetic material so it can be separated correctly when a cell divides. These proteins act by shaping and tightening chromosome structure. This process is important because DNA must be compacted before it can move through the stages of division. Condensins are therefore closely linked to chromosome condensation, the step that makes chromosomes more compact...

the mitotic spindle

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits. The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is a key...

centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

The spindle assembly checkpoint helps cells verify that chromosomes are attached to the spindle before division continues. It acts as a safety step during cell division and helps prevent errors in chromosome separation. This checkpoint is controlled by kinetochores, which are protein structures on chromosomes that connect to spindle fibers. If a chromosome is not attached correctly, the checkpoint can delay progression until the problem is fixed. Once the attachment is correct, the cell can...

anaphase a and b

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

The contractile ring helps cells divide at the end of cell division. It forms at the cell's center and tightens to split one cell into two. This process is part of cytokinesis, the stage when the cytoplasm divides. The ring is made of actin and myosin, two proteins that can work together to create force. As the ring contracts, it draws the cell membrane inward. This pinch helps separate the two daughter cells. Understanding the contractile ring is important for studying how cells complete...

determining the plane of cell division

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how spindle position helps determine the plane of cell division during mitosis and why this matters for daughter cell arrangement in developing tissues.

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biología Celular ilustra procesos celulares complejos mediante completos vídeos animados fáciles de entender. Esta colección se centra en los componentes esenciales de las células y su funcionamiento, incluyendo los orgánulos y las membranas, el transporte celular y el metabolismo energético celular. Todo este material se complementa con los vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran la aplicación de la biología celular en experimentos reales de investigación.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

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3.1.9-12.P

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3.1.9-12.Q

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

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