Name: phragmoplast in plant cell division
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:51.000Z
Duration: 1 min 59 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

The Phragmoplast

Las células vegetales están encerradas por una pared celular rígida, lo que dificulta que las células se dividan al contraerse desde el exterior. Por lo tanto, las células vegetales se dividen formando una nueva pared celular entre los dos núcleos hijos de adentro hacia afuera. Una estructura especializada en las plantas, llamada fragmoplasto, guía la formación de la nueva pared celular.
El plano de división celular, que es el futuro sitio de formación de la pared celular, está marcado por una banda de preprofase formada por microtúbulos y filamentos de actina que se forma durante la fase G1 del ciclo celular. La banda de preprofase se ensambla en la corteza celular y desaparece al comienzo de la fase M.
Durante la mitosis, los cromosomas se separan y comienzan a moverse hacia polos opuestos. En los polos, la envoltura nuclear se forma alrededor de los cromosomas separados y los husos comienzan a desaparecer. Los microtúbulos restantes del huso mitótico forman el fragmoplasto.
Los microtúbulos del fragmoplasto son polares, con extremos positivos cerca del plano ecuatorial y extremos negativos cerca de los polos.
Los cuerpos de Golgi secretan pequeñas vesículas que son transportadas por proteínas motoras a lo largo de los microtúbulos hasta el centro de la célula. Estas vesículas están llenas de polisacáridos y glicoproteínas, dos componentes importantes necesarios para la síntesis de nuevas paredes celulares. La fusión de las vesículas forma una estructura en forma de disco llamada placa celular temprana.
Los microtúbulos del fragmoplasto se regeneran con éxito en los márgenes libres de la placa celular, lo que permite que el fragmoplasto extienda la placa lateralmente. La nueva placa celular se une con las paredes de la célula madre en el sitio que fue marcado por la banda de preprofase antes de la fase M. La membrana plasmática se fusiona con la placa celular y se forma una nueva pared celular que separa las dos células hijas.

<ol>
	<li>Biología molecular de la célula, Alberts, 6ª edición. Páginas 997-999.</li>
	<li>Gaviota, Robert W. y B. Gunning. "El citoesqueleto de la planta". Reseñas críticas en ciencias de las plantas 8, no. 2 (1989): 131-167.</li>
	<li>Hamada, Takahiro. "Organización de microtúbulos y proteínas asociadas a microtúbulos en células vegetales". En Revista internacional de biología celular y molecular, vol. 312, pp. 1-52. Editorial Académica, 2014.</li>
	<li>Fosket, D. E. "Características de las células vegetales que son importantes en el desarrollo". Un enfoque molecular. Editorial Académica San Diego, 1994.</li>
	<li>Casem, Merri Lynn, ed. Estudios de caso en biología celular. Editorial Académica, 2016.</li>
</ol>

el phragmoplast

La división celular es esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo del organismo. En las células animales, el huso central y sus proteínas asociadas forman la parte media del cuerpo, una estructura que tiene un papel esencial en la citocinesis. En las plantas, el huso central, junto con los microtúbulos, la actina y otros componentes celulares, madura hasta convertirse en el fragmoplasto, que es necesario para la citocinesis. A diferencia de la parte media del cuerpo estacionaria, el fragmoplasto se expande centrífugamente, lo que eventualmente conduce a la formación de una nueva pared celular.

El fragmoplasto maduro tiene forma de rosquilla y contiene una región principal externa, una zona de transición media y una región rezagada interna. En la región líder, se ensamblan continuamente nuevos microtúbulos. La nucleación de los microtúbulos se inicia mediante el complejo del anillo de tubulina γ (γ-TuRC), que contiene seis subunidades: GCP1 a GCP6. Sin embargo, γ-TuRC no puede interactuar directamente con los microtúbulos; por lo tanto, augmin, un complejo proteico que interactúa con los microtúbulos, media en el reclutamiento de γ-TuRC en los microtúbulos. Los microtúbulos presentes en el fragmoplasto actúan como vías para transportar las vesículas secretoras producidas por el cercano cuerpo de Golgi.

En la zona de transición media, las vesículas inicialmente pasan a estructuras similares a túbulos y luego se interconectan para formar una red tubular entrelazada. La adición continua de vesículas secretoras da como resultado el crecimiento hacia afuera de la red tubular hasta que se encuentra con la membrana celular parental. Las membranas de las vesículas se utilizan para formar la membrana plasmática de las células hijas, mientras que las biomoléculas presentes en las vesículas se utilizan para construir la placa celular presente entre las membranas de las dos células hijas.

En la región retrasada, los microtúbulos se despolimerizan, dejando atrás la porción madura de la placa celular. La placa celular completamente formada posteriormente se convierte en la pared celular que separa las dos células hijas. La polimerización de los microtúbulos en el extremo anterior y la despolimerización de los microtúbulos en la región retrasada provocan la expansión hacia afuera del fragmoplasto y la placa celular hasta que esta última se une a la pared celular original. La falla en las funciones del fragmoplasto puede resultar en células multinucleadas y fenotipos embrionarios letales.

El Phragmoplast

La división celular es esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los organismos. En las células animales, el huso central y sus proteínas asociadas forman la parte media del cuerpo, un ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biología Celular

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Cell Division

División celular

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

phragmoplast in plant cell division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells.

In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete.

The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm. It provides a framework for building the new partition between the cells. This makes it a key structure in plant cell division.

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

mitosis and cytokinesis

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Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

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cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

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condensins

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the mitotic spindle

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

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centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

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anaphase a and b

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

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determining the plane of cell division

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the phragmoplast helps plant cells complete division by guiding cytokinesis and the formation of a new cell wall between daughter cells.

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biología Celular ilustra procesos celulares complejos mediante completos vídeos animados fáciles de entender. Esta colección se centra en los componentes esenciales de las células y su funcionamiento, incluyendo los orgánulos y las membranas, el transporte celular y el metabolismo energético celular. Todo este material se complementa con los vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran la aplicación de la biología celular en experimentos reales de investigación.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

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3.1.9-12.P

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3.1.9-12.Q

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

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