Name: translation: mrna to protein
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB2.a

Translation

La traducción es el proceso de sintetizar una proteína a partir de un molde de ARN mensajero.
Este proceso comienza cuando la pequeña subunidad de un ribosoma, en un complejo con un ARNt de metionina y factores de iniciación, se une a los cinco extremos principales de un ARNm. El complejo escanea el ARNm en la dirección de cinco primos a tres primos hasta que encuentra un codón AUG que sirve como sitio de iniciación de la traducción.
A continuación, el ARNt de metionina se empareja con el codón AUG y recluta la subunidad grande del ribosoma. La síntesis de la nueva proteína comienza cuando un ARNt que transporta su aminoácido se une al siguiente codón del ARNm a través de su anticodón.
Esta acción coloca el nuevo aminoácido cerca del aminoácido incorporado previamente, y se forma un enlace peptídico entre los dos aminoácidos.
La traducción continúa a medida que el ribosoma se mueve al siguiente codón en la secuencia. Este movimiento hacia adelante se denomina translocación y continuará hasta que el ribosoma encuentre un codón de parada.
Los codones de parada son únicos en el sentido de que no tienen ARNt. En cambio, las proteínas llamadas factores de liberación se unen al codón de parada, induciendo al ribosoma a liberar la proteína recién sintetizada y haciendo que el ribosoma se disocie.

traducción

La traducción es el proceso de sintetizar proteínas a partir de la información genética transportada por el ARN mensajero (ARNm). Después de la transcripción, constituye el paso final en la expresión de genes. Este proceso lo llevan a cabo ribosomas, complejos de proteínas y moléculas de ARN especializadas. Los ribosomas, el ARN de transferencia (ARNt) y otras proteínas producen una cadena de aminoácidos (el polipéptido) como producto final de la traducción.

La traducción produce los componentes básicos de la vida

A las proteínas se les llama los componentes básicos de la vida porque constituyen la gran mayoría de todos los organismos (desde las fibras musculares hasta los pelos de la cabeza y los componentes del sistema inmunológico) y el modelo de cada una de estas proteínas está codificado por los genes que se encuentran en el ADN de cada célula. El dogma central en biología dicta que la información genética se convierte en proteínas funcionales mediante procesos de transcripción y traducción.

La traducción ocurre fuera del núcleo

las eucariotas tienen un núcleo rodeado de membrana donde se transcribe el ARNm del ADN. Después de la transcripción, el ARNm sale del núcleo para traducirse en una cadena de aminoácidos (un polipéptido) y, finalmente, en una proteína funcional. Esto puede tener lugar en el citoplasma o en el retículo endoplásmico rugoso, donde los polipéptidos se modifican aún más. Por el contrario, los procariotas carecen de un compartimento nuclear, por lo que la traducción en los procariotas tiene lugar en el citoplasma mientras el ARNm aún se está transcribiendo.

La secuencia de codones en el ARNm determina la secuencia del polipéptido

Cada codón en el ARNm corresponde a uno de los 20 aminoácidos que una célula mantiene almacenados, así como a codones de parada que no codifican aminoácidos. Otra molécula de ARN, el ARN de transferencia (ARNt), es responsable de proporcionar el aminoácido correcto, según la secuencia de codones, a los ribosomas durante la traducción. En un extremo de la molécula de ARNt, las enzimas llamadas aminoacil-ARNt sintetasas unen covalentemente el aminoácido específico al sitio de unión, mientras que la secuencia del anticodón ubicada en el otro extremo del ARNt asegura que se entregue el aminoácido correcto al ribosoma. Algunas moléculas de ARNt pueden unirse a más de una secuencia de codones, lo que permite una versatilidad de codificación conocida como efecto de oscilación. Esto se debe al hecho de que las moléculas de ARNt tienen una menor especificidad de unión al tercer nucleótido en la secuencia de codones del ARNm en comparación con los dos primeros nucleótidos.

Algunas enfermedades hereditarias se deben a defectos de traducción

La traducción es un proceso complejo que depende de una amplia gama de componentes celulares. Las mutaciones que afectan cualquier parte de este diverso conjunto de herramientas pueden causar enfermedades. Por ejemplo, la hiperferritinemia, enfermedad por almacenamiento de hierro, también conocida como síndrome de cataratas, es el resultado de mutaciones en la región 5' no traducida del ARNm, una región que es importante para reclutar proteínas de iniciación de la traducción. Estas mutaciones provocan tasas anormalmente altas de traducción de la proteína hierro ferritina, lo que hace que se acumule en la sangre y los tejidos de los pacientes afectados. Como resultado, las lentes de los ojos se vuelven turbias. Otras enfermedades están relacionadas con mutaciones en los genes que codifican los ARNt y las subunidades ribosómicas. Por ejemplo, la enfermedad de la médula ósea, la anemia de Diamond-Blackfan, se debe a mutaciones en el gen RPS19, un componente de la subunidad ribosómica pequeña.

Traducción

La traducción es el proceso de sintetizar proteínas a partir de la información genética transportada por el ARN mensajero (ARNm). Tras la transcripción, constituye ...

Education

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JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomía y Fisiología

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Essential Cellular Processes

Procesos celulares esenciales

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

translation: mrna to protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids.

This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which is the start of a protein.

Translation is a key part of how cells use genetic information. It connects the message in mRNA to the final protein product. Understanding translation helps explain how genes lead to the molecules that cells need to function.

Translation: mRNA to Protein

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Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how translation uses mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA to build a polypeptide chain from amino acids and turn genetic information into protein.

Translation: mRNA to Protein | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

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Translation: mRNA to Protein

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