Name: cell signaling pathways and responses
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Overview of Cell Signaling

Las células utilizan una variedad de mecanismos de señalización para coordinar los procesos celulares y comunicarse con otras células. Una vía de señalización se inicia cuando una molécula de señalización llamada ligando se une a su receptor objetivo.
La señalización paracrina se produce cuando un ligando secretado se dirige a las células vecinas. Mientras que la señalización autocrina ocurre cuando el ligando se dirige a la misma célula que lo liberó.
En una vía de señalización yuxtacrina o dependiente del contacto, un ligando permanece unido a la superficie celular e interactúa directamente con los receptores de las células adyacentes. Los ligandos solubles pequeños también pueden fluir directamente entre las células a través de uniones de brecha en la membrana plasmática.
Los organismos pluricelulares coordinan el comportamiento celular a largas distancias. En la señalización endocrina, las hormonas viajan a diferentes partes del cuerpo a través del torrente sanguíneo.
La señalización sináptica entre neuronas es una forma especializada de señalización de largo alcance. En la unión sináptica, el terminal axónico de una neurona segrega ligandos llamados neurotransmisores para comunicarse con las células diana.
Además, algunas comunidades bacterianas llevan a cabo la detección de quórum para reaccionar juntas mediante la detección de una concentración crítica de ligandos de señalización.

descripción general de la señalización celular

A pesar de la membrana protectora que separa una célula del medio ambiente, las células necesitan la capacidad de detectar y responder a los cambios ambientales. Además, las células a menudo necesitan comunicarse entre sí. Los organismos unicelulares y multicelulares utilizan una variedad de mecanismos de señalización celular para comunicarse con el medio ambiente.

Las células responden a muchos tipos de información, a menudo a través de proteínas receptoras ubicadas en la membrana. Por ejemplo, las células de la piel responden y transmiten información táctil, mientras que los fotorreceptores de la retina pueden detectar la luz. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las células han evolucionado para responder a señales químicas, incluidas hormonas, neurotransmisores y muchos otros tipos de moléculas de señalización. Las células pueden incluso coordinar diferentes respuestas provocadas por la misma molécula de señalización.

Normalmente, la señalización celular implica tres pasos: (1) recepción, (2) transducción y (3) respuesta. En la mayoría de las recepciones de señales, una molécula o ligando, impermeable a la membrana, provoca un cambio en un receptor de membrana; sin embargo, algunas moléculas de señalización, como las hormonas, pueden cruzar la membrana para llegar a sus receptores internos. entonces, el receptor de membrana puede enviar esta señal a mensajeros intracelulares, transduciendo el mensaje en una respuesta celular. Esta respuesta intracelular puede incluir cambios en la transcripción, traducción, activación de proteínas y otras respuestas.

Los organismos unicelulares, como las bacterias, pueden utilizar un tipo de señalización celular llamada detección de quórum para detectar su concentración en una colonia y generar respuestas coordinadas. Las células eucariotas pueden liberar ligandos que se dirigen a la misma célula que produjo la señal (señalización autocrina) o a las células vecinas (señalización paracrina). Las señales pueden incluso enviarse a largas distancias, como en el caso de algunas hormonas, y producir respuestas en células distantes, lo que se denomina señalización endocrina. La señalización dependiente del contacto describe vías físicas creadas entre células vecinas a través de las cuales las señales citoplasmáticas pueden pasar rápidamente. Las células del sistema nervioso pueden generar respuestas rápidas a través de una especialización de señalización celular llamada señalización sináptica.

Descripción general de la señalización celular

A pesar de la membrana protectora que separa a una célula del medio ambiente, las células necesitan la capacidad de detectar y responder a los cambios ambientales. ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomía y Fisiología

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Essential Cellular Processes

Procesos celulares esenciales

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

cell signaling pathways and responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell.

A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process.

Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes the signal along until the cell produces a response. That response may change how the cell behaves or how it functions.

Cell signaling is an important part of cell biology because it lets cells coordinate activities and respond to their environment. Understanding these pathways helps explain how cells communicate and why receptor-based signaling matters.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

Eukaryotic DNA copying happens at replication forks, where the two DNA strands separate and new strands are built. This process lets a cell make an exact copy of its genetic material before it divides. The transcript explains that eukaryotic replication follows the same basic steps seen in other DNA replication systems, but it takes place in cells with a nucleus. The replication machinery works on each separated strand as a template, so the new DNA matches the original sequence. This topic is...

types of rna

RNA Types in Gene Expression

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transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

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translation

Translation: mRNA to Protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

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what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

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mitosis and cytokinesis

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the cell cycle control system

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

Cell division is controlled by outside signals and by internal cell cycle regulators. Nearby cell death can encourage division, and human growth hormone (hGH) can also promote it. In contrast, too little hGH or crowded cells can slow or stop division. Inside the cell, regulator molecules help each stage finish correctly before the next stage begins. Some regulators act directly on the cycle, while others affect the activity or production of other regulatory proteins. These molecules can either...

what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of cell-surface receptors. They help cells detect signals outside the cell and pass that information inward. These receptors are important in many kinds of cell communication. When a signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the receptor changes shape. That change activates a G protein inside the cell. The activated G protein can then start a signaling pathway. This signaling system includes the receptor, the G protein, and the downstream...

cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cells use signaling pathways, receptors, and responses to communicate and react to signals in this concise high school science overview.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

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Translation

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From DNA to Protein

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Protein Folding

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HS-LS1-1.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

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