Name: fret as a molecular ruler in cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:31:47.000Z
Duration: 6 min 39 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

HS-PS4-5.

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

La transferencia de energía por resonancia de Förster (FRET) es un fenómeno utilizado para investigar las interacciones bioquímicas de corto alcance. En FRET, una molécula fotoluminiscente donante puede transferir energía de forma no radiativa a una molécula aceptora si sus respectivos espectros de emisión y absorbancia se superponen. La cantidad de energía transferida y, en consecuencia, la emisión total de la muestra, depende de la proximidad de un par de moléculas fotoluminiscentes aceptor-donante. El análisis FRET se combina con otras técnicas bioquímicas para obtener información detallada de las estructuras biomoleculares y las interacciones de este "gobernante espectroscópico".
Este video cubre los principios y conceptos del análisis FRET. El procedimiento se centra en la preparación de muestras para FRET y en las formas de presentar e interpretar los datos. Por último, las aplicaciones incluyen el seguimiento de los procesos conformacionales y celulares mediante el etiquetado de partes de una célula o proteína, el seguimiento de las reacciones enzimáticas que alteran las estructuras de las proteínas y el uso de FRET para controlar la agregación de monómeros expresados por las células.

transferencia de energía de resonancia de förster (fret)

Transferencia de la energía de Förster Resonancia (FRET) es un fenómeno para investigar interacciones bioquímicas de la cerrar-gama. En el traste, una molécula fotoluminiscente de donantes no radiativamente puede transferir energía a una molécula aceptora si se superponen sus respectivos espectros de emisión y absorción. La cantidad de energía transferida &#8212; y, en consecuencia, la emisión total de la muestra &#8212; depende de la proximidad de un par de donantes aceptador de moléculas fotoluminiscentes. Análisis de traste se combinación con otras técnicas de bioquímica para obtener información detallada de las estructuras biomoleculares y las interacciones de esta &#8220; regla espectroscópica. &#8221; este video cubre los principios y conceptos de análisis de traste. El procedimiento se centra en la preparación de muestras para el traste y formas presentar e interpretar datos. Por último, las aplicaciones incluyen el seguimiento a los procesos celulares y conformacionales por etiquetar las partes de una célula o proteína, control de reacciones enzimáticas que alteran estructuras de la proteína, y utilizando FRET para controlar la agregación de los monómeros expresados por las células de.
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0"> Förster transferencia de energía de resonancia o traste, es una transferencia no radiativo de energía entre las moléculas que emiten luz y a menudo se utiliza para investigar las interacciones bioquímicas de la cerrar-gama. TRASTE sólo se produce cuando las moléculas fluorescentes están espaciadas dentro de los 10 nm de cada uno. Análisis de traste pueden combinarse con otras técnicas para obtener información estructural detallada. Este video se introducir los principios subyacentes del traste, resumir una presentación protocolo y datos y discutir algunas aplicaciones bioquímicas.
</div> <div class="chapter_text" id="script_1"> molécula de fotoluminiscente de A como un fluoróforo es excitada mediante la absorción de radiación electromagnética en una longitud de onda en su espectro de absorción. Como se relaja, emite luz en una longitud de onda en su espectro de emisión. Para obtener más información acerca de la fluorescencia, vea Zeus &#39; s video en microscopía de fluorescencia. Fluoróforos diferentes absorben y emiten luz a diferentes longitudes de onda, que con frecuencia se superponen. Si el espectro de emisión de un fluoróforo se traslapa considerablemente con el espectro de absorción de otro fluoróforo, la &#8220; donante &#8221; lanzará un fotón virtual, que es absorbido por el &#8220; aceptor &#8221;. Cuando un donador excitado está dentro de los 10 nm de un aceptor, energía transfiere del donante al aceptor interacciones dipolo-dipolo. Consecuencia disminuye la liberación de energía por la emisión de la luz de la donante. Mientras tanto, el aceptador excitado emite luz en su longitud de onda de emisión. La respuesta de traste se evalúa en términos de eficiencia o el porcentaje de energía liberada de la donante por traste en lugar de fluorescencia u otros procesos radiativos. La eficiencia depende fuertemente de la distancia entre el donante y receptor, que permite el traste al actuar como un &#39; molecular &#39; o &#39; espectroscópica &#39; regla.
En Bioquímica, traste se utiliza a menudo cualitativo para observar los cambios conformacionales de moléculas mediante el control de fluoróforos mientras se mueven dentro y fuera de la gama del traste uno del otro. Del mismo modo, las funciones celulares pueden estudiarse con moléculas que contienen un par de trastes. Si la molécula marcada es dividida por actividad enzimática, traste paradas y los cambios de longitud de onda de fluorescencia observada.
Ahora que usted entiende los principios del traste, &#39; s, mira en una descripción de un protocolo y unas maneras para presentar e interpretar los datos.
</div> <div class="chapter_text" id="script_2"> antes de el experimento, las biomoléculas de interés, normalmente ADN o proteínas, están diseñados con las etiquetas fluorescentes, utilizando técnicas de biología molecular. formas comunes de introducir modificado material genético en las células incluyen transfección y electroporación.
Entonces, las células se preparan para traste visualización en un microscopio de fluorescencia por ejemplo, las moléculas se pueden inmovilizadas en una diapositiva para el traste de una sola molécula o las muestras se cargan en pozos para el cribado de alto rendimiento.
Entonces, los láseres de excitación, microscopio y equipos asociados están preparados. (A) traste experimentos implican a menudo lasers de gran alcance; (B) tan apropiado PPE y procedimientos de seguridad deben utilizarse. la muestra entonces se coloca en el instrumento e iluminada con el láser de excitación.
</div> <div class="chapter_text" id="script_3"> para experimentos de monitoreo de comportamiento de la célula, color imágenes mostrando diferencias o cambios en la intensidad de emisión se utilizan. Intensidades de emisión de donador y aceptor se trazan para seguimiento de respuesta de traste en el tiempo.
Traste datos pueden también montarse en diversas funciones para análisis más complejos. Según el experimento, los datos se pueden presentar de múltiples maneras de representar mejor los resultados, haciendo una flexible herramienta experimental del traste.
</div> <div class="chapter_text" id="script_4"> ahora que te &#39; re familiarizados con los conceptos básicos de funcionamiento y analizar un experimento de traste, que &#39; s ver algunas aplicaciones de FRET en investigación bioquímica.
TRASTE de puede utilizarse para estudiar los cambios conformacionales o procesos celulares por etiquetado de piezas de la proteína o célula predicho para moverse dentro de los 10 nm entre sí con un par de trastes. Por ejemplo, sensores de proteína se preparan etiquetado receptores con un par de fluoróforos. La respuesta de traste se controla directo por microscopia confocal. Variación de la intensidad y longitud de onda de emisión indicar cambios conformacionales.
TRASTE de puede utilizarse también preparar moléculas con un par de trastes activo y observando cambios en la respuesta. Cuando el sustrato es dividido, traste es perturbado, causando un aumento en la emisión de donantes y una disminución en la emisión del aceptador. Las emisiones se analizan para determinar las contribuciones por donante, receptor y traste. Una vez que se calculan los factores de emisión directa de las proteínas fluorescentes cian y amarillo, se pueden determinar la concentración y los parámetros cinéticos del sustrato.
Células diseñadas para expresar monómeros que contenga cualquiera de una función par de trastes &#39; sensores de &#39; para las interacciones entre los monómeros. Si se induce la agregación de los monómeros, se observa una respuesta de traste. Esto puede usarse para investigar la agregación de proteínas provocada por &#39; siembra &#39; de proteínas mal plegadas. Aquí, las células fueron transduced con agregados de la proteína de interés, se incubó y analizaron mediante citometría de flujo.
</div> <div class="chapter_text" id="script_5"> te &#39; ve a Miró JoVE &#39; s video en transferencia de energía de resonancia Förster o traste. Este video contiene los principios subyacentes del traste, preparación y análisis de un experimento de traste y unas cuantas aplicaciones bioquímicas.
Gracias por ver!
</div>

Transferencia de energía de resonancia de Förster (FRET)

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. In FRET, a donor photoluminescent ...

La transferencia de energía de resonancia de F?rster, o FRET, es una transferencia no radiativa de energía entre moléculas emisoras de luz, y a menudo se usa para investigar interacciones bioquímicas de corto alcance. FRET solo ocurre cuando las moléculas fluorescentes están espaciadas dentro de 10 nm entre sí. El análisis FRET se puede combinar con otras técnicas para obtener información estructural detallada. Este video presentará los principios subyacentes de FRET, resumirá un protocolo y una presentación de datos, y discutirá algunas aplicaciones bioquímicas. Una molécula fotoluminiscente, como un fluoróforo, se excita absorbiendo radiación electromagnética a una longitud de onda en su espectro de absorción. A medida que se relaja, emite luz a una longitud de onda dentro de su espectro de emisión. Para obtener más información sobre la fluorescencia, consulte el video de JoVE sobre microscopía de fluorescencia. Diferentes fluoróforos absorben y emiten luz en diferentes longitudes de onda, que con frecuencia se superponen. Si el espectro de emisión de un fluoróforo se superpone significativamente con el espectro de absorción de otro fluoróforo, el ?donante? liberará un fotón virtual, que es absorbido por el ?aceptor?. Cuando un donante excitado está a menos de 10 nm de un aceptor, la energía se transfiere de un donante a otro mediante interacciones dipolo-dipolo. La liberación de energía por emisión de luz del donante disminuye en consecuencia. Mientras tanto, el aceptor excitado emite luz a su longitud de onda de emisión. La respuesta de FRET se evalúa en términos de eficiencia, o el porcentaje de energía liberada del donante por FRET en lugar de por fluorescencia u otros procesos radiativos. La eficiencia depende en gran medida de la distancia entre el donante y el aceptor, lo que permite que FRET actúe como un gobernante "molecular" o "espectroscópico". En bioquímica, FRET se usa a menudo cualitativamente para observar los cambios conformacionales en las moléculas mediante el monitoreo de los fluoróforos a medida que entran y salen del rango de FRET entre sí. Del mismo modo, las funciones celulares se pueden estudiar con moléculas que contienen un par FRET. Si la molécula marcada se escinde por la actividad enzimática, FRET se detiene y la longitud de onda de fluorescencia observada cambia. Ahora que comprende los principios detrás de FRET, veamos una descripción general de un protocolo y algunas formas de presentar e interpretar los datos. Antes del experimento, las biomoléculas de interés, normalmente ADN o proteínas, se diseñan con etiquetas fluorescentes, utilizando técnicas de biología molecular. Las formas comunes de introducir el material genético modificado en las células incluyen la transfección y la electroporación. A continuación, las células se preparan para la visualización de FRET en un microscopio de fluorescencia. Por ejemplo, las moléculas pueden inmovilizarse en un portaobjetos para FRET de una sola molécula, o las muestras se cargan en pocillos para un cribado de alto rendimiento. A continuación, se preparan los láseres de excitación, el microscopio y el equipo asociado. (A) Los experimentos FRET a menudo involucran láseres potentes; (B) por lo tanto, se deben utilizar los procedimientos adecuados de EPP y seguridad. A continuación, la muestra se coloca en el instrumento y se ilumina con el láser de excitación. Para los experimentos que monitorean el comportamiento de las células, se utilizan imágenes en color que muestran diferencias o cambios en la intensidad de la emisión. Las intensidades de las emisiones del donante y del aceptor se trazan juntas para realizar un seguimiento de la respuesta de FRET a lo largo del tiempo. Los datos FRET también se pueden ajustar a varias funciones para análisis más complejos. Dependiendo del experimento, los datos se pueden presentar de múltiples maneras para representar mejor los resultados, lo que convierte a FRET en una herramienta experimental flexible. Ahora que está familiarizado con los conceptos básicos de la ejecución y el análisis de un experimento FRET, veamos algunas aplicaciones de FRET en la investigación bioquímica. FRET se puede utilizar para estudiar cambios conformacionales o procesos celulares mediante el etiquetado de partes de la proteína o célula que se predice que se moverán a menos de 10 nm entre sí con un par de FRET. Por ejemplo, los sensores de proteínas se preparan marcando los receptores con un par de fluoróforos. La respuesta de FRET se monitoriza en vivo mediante microscopía confocal. La variación de la longitud de onda y la intensidad de la emisión indican cambios conformacionales. FRET también se puede utilizar preparando moléculas con un par FRET activo y observando cambios en la respuesta. Cuando el sustrato se escinde, FRET se interrumpe, lo que provoca un aumento en la emisión del donante y una disminución en la emisión del aceptor. Las emisiones se analizan para determinar las contribuciones del donante, el aceptante y el FRET. Una vez calculados los factores de emisión directa para las proteínas fluorescentes cian y amarillas, se pueden determinar la concentración y los parámetros cinéticos del sustrato. Las células diseñadas para expresar monómeros que contienen cualquiera de los dos pares FRET funcionan como "sensores" de las interacciones entre esos monómeros. Si se induce la agregación de esos monómeros, se observa una respuesta FRET. Esto se puede utilizar para investigar la agregación de proteínas desencadenada por la "siembra" de proteínas mal plegadas. Aquí, las células se transducieron con agregados de la proteína de interés, se incubaron y se analizaron con citometría de flujo. Acabas de ver el vídeo de JoVE sobre la Transferencia de Energía de Resonancia F?rster, o FRET. Este video contenía los principios subyacentes de FRET, la preparación y el análisis de un experimento FRET y algunas aplicaciones bioquímicas. ¡Gracias por mirar!

Education

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Bioquímica

fret as a molecular ruler in cells

Föster resonance energy transfer, or FRET, is a way to study close-range biochemical interactions using light-emitting molecules. A donor fluorophore can pass energy to an acceptor fluorophore when their emission and absorption spectra overlap. This transfer happens only when the pair is very close together, usually within 10 nm.

Because FRET depends on distance, it is often called a molecular or spectroscopic ruler. The strength of the signal is measured as FRET efficiency, which describes how much donor energy is transferred instead of being released as fluorescence. Researchers use this relationship to learn about biomolecular structure and interactions.

FRET is often used to follow conformational changes in proteins and other cell molecules. It can also help monitor cellular processes when fluorophores move in and out of FRET range. If an enzyme cuts a labeled molecule, FRET stops, and the emission pattern changes.

To run a FRET experiment, the biomolecules of interest, usually DNA or proteins, are engineered with fluorescent tags. Modified genetic material is commonly introduced into cells by transfection or electroporation. The samples are then prepared for visualization on a fluorescence microscope, either by immobilizing molecules on a slide for single-molecule FRET or by loading them into wells for high-throughput screening.

The microscope, lasers, and related equipment are prepared before the sample is illuminated. FRET experiments often use powerful lasers, so proper PPE and safety procedures are important. The sample is then analyzed as donor and acceptor signals are recorded.

FRET data can be shown in different ways depending on the experiment. Color images may show changes in emission intensity in live-cell studies. Donor and acceptor intensities can also be plotted over time, and the results may be fitted to functions for more complex analysis.

FRET has several biochemical applications. Protein sensors can be built by labeling receptors with a FRET pair and tracking changes with confocal microscopy. FRET can also be used to study enzyme reactions that alter protein structure, and the emissions can be analyzed to separate donor, acceptor, and FRET contributions.

Another use is monitoring monomer aggregation in cells. Cells can be designed to express monomers that contain one part of a FRET pair, and aggregation produces a measurable FRET response. This approach can help study protein aggregation triggered by seeding with misfolded proteins, using transduced cells followed by incubation and flow cytometry.

FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells

dialysis: diffusion based separation

Dialysis for Buffer Exchange in Biochemistry

Dialysis is a common biochemistry technique for buffer exchange and desalting. It separates molecules by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, which lets small molecules pass while holding larger biomolecules inside the sample. The membrane is the key part of the setup. Its pores create a molecular weight cutoff, so a membrane such as a 10 kDa membrane usually keeps molecules larger than 10 kilodaltons inside. This cutoff is not exact, because membranes have a range of pore sizes.

enzyme assays and kinetics

Measuring Enzyme Reaction Rates

Enzyme reaction rates can be measured with assays that track how substrate or product levels change over time. Enzymes are proteins, or sometimes RNAs, that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start them. They act on a specific substrate and help form a product that supports life processes. Enzymatic reactions are often described in three steps. First, the substrate binds to the enzyme active site and forms an enzyme-substrate complex. That complex can fall...

maldi-tof mass spectrometry

How MALDI-TOF Reads Biomolecules

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry reads biomolecules by using a laser, a matrix, and a time-of-flight analyzer. MALDI, or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, helps fragile molecules keep their structure while they are moved into the mass analyzer. The analyzer then separates compounds based on size and charge. In MALDI, the sample is mixed into a matrix, usually an organic compound with aromatic and conjugated double bonds. A laser pulse strikes the spot, and the matrix absorbs most of the...

tandem mass spectrometry

Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Biomolecule Analysis

Tandem mass spectrometry is used to isolate a biomolecule and break it into smaller pieces so its makeup can be studied. Because biomolecules often have large, complex structures, it can be hard to identify their molecular composition and sequence from a single measurement. By linking mass spectrometers in series, the technique first selects one ion and then analyzes the fragments it produces. The process starts with an ion source that converts the sample into ions. A mass analyzer then...

protein crystallization

Protein Crystals for Structure Analysis

Protein crystals help scientists study protein structure and function. A crystal is a solid lattice made from purified protein molecules. These crystals are useful in structural biology because they reveal details that methods like mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE cannot show on their own. Protein crystallization is paired with recombinant protein expression and x-ray diffraction to support this work. The process starts with a large amount of very pure protein. Researchers often make that...

chromatography-based biomolecule purification methods

chromatography-based-biomolecule-purification-methods

Protein Purification with SEC and IMAC

Protein purification with size-exclusion chromatography and affinity chromatography helps isolate biomolecules from complex mixtures. These methods are common in biochemistry because purified samples are needed before a biomolecule’s properties and activity can be studied. The video focuses on the principles behind size-exclusion chromatography, affinity chromatography, and immobilized metal affinity chromatography, or IMAC. Size-exclusion chromatography, or SEC, separates molecules by size. A...

two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Protein Mapping with 2D Gel Electrophoresis

Protein mapping with 2D gel electrophoresis separates complex protein mixtures across two steps. The method combines isoelectric focusing, or IEF, with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or SDS-PAGE. Together, these methods can resolve thousands of biomolecules from a single sample by their isoelectric point and molecular weight. The first dimension is IEF. Each protein has an isoelectric point, or pI, which is the pH where its net charge is zero. Proteins are loaded...

metabolic labeling

Tracking Cell Chemistry with Metabolic Labels

Metabolic labeling tracks cell chemistry by using chemical analogs that cells take up and build into biomolecules. These labels help scientists follow biochemical changes and modifications inside cells. The labeled products can then be studied with tools such as SDS-PAGE and NMR to learn more about metabolic pathways. Several labeling strategies are shown here. Isotopic labeling uses analogs that match the natural molecule but contain uncommon isotopes, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 in an...

electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa)

electrophoretic-mobility-shift-assay-emsa

Detecting Protein-DNA Binding by EMSA

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, or EMSA, is a biochemical method used to detect binding between proteins and nucleic acids. It is also called a gel shift assay. The test compares how a labeled nucleic acid moves through a gel before and after it binds a protein. EMSA is used to see whether a specific protein binds to a specific nucleic acid. First, the nucleic acid is labeled to make a probe. The transcript describes radioactive phosphorus-32 as a common label. The probe is then mixed...

photometric protein determination

Measuring Protein Concentration with Absorbance

Measuring protein concentration with absorbance is a key step in many biochemical assays. Photometric methods use the fact that samples with more light-absorbing material transmit less light. Because concentration and absorption are directly related, this makes it possible to measure an unknown sample. The core idea comes from the Beer-Lambert Law. This law states that the concentration of a light-absorbing species is proportional to its absorbance. The video also introduces the Bradford assay...

density gradient ultracentrifugation

Sucrose Gradient Separation in an Ultracentrifuge

Sucrose gradient separation in an ultracentrifuge is a lab method for isolating cell parts and biomolecules. It uses differences in density to make particles sink or rise in a liquid. A high-speed ultracentrifuge speeds up this process so components can be separated without destroying them. The basic idea starts with a suspension, which is particles mixed in a liquid solvent. Particles that are denser than the solvent sediment, while less dense particles float. A rotor inside the...

co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays

co-immunoprecipitation-and-pull-down-assays

Protein Interaction Capture Methods in Cells

Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays are laboratory methods used to capture stable protein-protein interactions. Protein-protein interactions help control many biological functions, but many of them have not yet been identified. These assays are related to immunoprecipitation, which isolates a target protein from a mixed sample using an antibody. In co-immunoprecipitation, or CoIP, an antibody binds the target protein, and that protein is already attached to another protein that the...

reconstitution of membrane proteins

Membrane Proteins in Liposome Models

Membrane proteins can be moved into liposome models so their function can be studied outside a cell. Reconstitution means restoring an isolated biomolecule to a working form. For membrane proteins, that usually means placing a purified protein into an artificial lipid membrane. Cell membranes are made mainly of phospholipids and membrane proteins. The phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic phosphate heads facing water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing inward. Some membrane...

f&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (fret)

Föster resonance energy transfer, or FRET, is a way to study close-range biochemical interactions using light-emitting molecules. A donor fluorophore can pass energy to an acceptor fluorophore when their emission and absorption spectra overlap. This transfer happens only when the pair is very close together, usually within 10 nm. Because FRET depends on distance, it is often called a molecular or spectroscopic ruler. The strength of the signal is measured as FRET efficiency, which describes...

surface plasmon resonance (spr)

SPR Biosensors for Tracking Binding Kinetics

Surface plasmon resonance, or SPR, is a way to track biomolecular binding on a label-free biosensor. It is used to measure molecular affinity, kinetics, specificity, and concentration. The method works with a thin metal layer on a prism, where changes in reflected light reveal interactions in real time. SPR sensors use a thin layer of a noble metal on the face of a prism. Light is reflected from the prism-metal interface into a photodetector. At one specific angle, called the surface plasmon...

biochemistry

Esta colección presenta varios métodos de purificación comúnmente usados, como la cromatografía de afinidad y métodos analíticos, como MALDI-TOF. Además, los videos muestran métodos para evaluar la interacción y la función de diversas biomoléculas como en la coprecipitación y el etiquetado metabólico.

Learn how FRET uses donor and acceptor fluorophores to measure distance, track protein changes, and study enzyme activity in cells.

FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells | JoVE K12

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-1.

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-6.

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1.

Overview

Principles of FRET

Performing the FRET Experiment

Data Presentation and Analysis

Applications

Summary

Travelling Waves

A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. ...

Wave Parameters

The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be ...

Equations of Wave Motion

Mathematically, the motion of a wave can be studied using a wavefunction. Consider a string oscillating up and down in simple harmonic motion, having a ...

Graphing the Wave Function

Consider the wave equation for a sinusoidal wave moving in the positive x-direction. The wave equation is a function of both position and time. From the ...

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Velocity and Acceleration of a Wave

A wave propagates through a medium with a constant speed, known as a wave velocity. It is different from the speed of the particles of the medium, which ...

Speed of a Transverse Wave

The speed of a wave depends on the characteristics of the medium. For example, in the case of a guitar, the strings vibrate to produce the sound. The ...

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problem-solving-tuning-of-a-guitar-string

Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String

In the case of stringed instruments like the guitar, the elastic property that determines the speed of the sound produced is its linear mass density or ...

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Kinetic and Potential Energy of a Wave

All forms of waves carry energy; this is directly visualized in nature. For instance, the waves of earthquakes are so intense that they can shake huge ...

Energy and Power of a Wave

The total energy associated with a wavelength is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The average rate of energy transfer associated ...

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect ...

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at ...

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second ...

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a ...

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Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. ...

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Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions ...

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Sound Waves

Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium&#39;s ...

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As ...

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Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different ...

Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids

Most solids and liquids are incompressible&#8212;their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to ...

Speed of Sound in Gases

The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. ...

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the ...

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More ...

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Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling and transferring energy (amplitude, frequency) in various media.

HS-PS4-1.

Using GIS to Investigate Urban Forestry

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Urban forests broadly include urban parks, street trees, landscaped ...

Evaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information.

HS-PS4-2.

concept-of-resonance-and-its-characteristics

Concept of Resonance and its Characteristics

If a driven oscillator needs to resonate at a specific frequency, then very light damping is required. An example of light damping includes playing piano ...

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Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical ...

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure ...

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two ...

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The Wave Nature of Light

The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms ...

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the ...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...

Interference and Diffraction

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Interference and diffraction ...

Photoelectric Effect

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38;&#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Photoelectric effect ...

Reflection and Refraction

Source: Derek Wilson,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA
...

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model (quantum theory), and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

HS-PS4-3.

Electric Charge in a Magnetic Field

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment duplicates J.J. Thomson's famous experiment at the end of ...

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by ...

Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his ...

Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as ...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of ...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between ...

propagation-speed-of-electromagnetic-waves

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere&#39;s law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere&#39;s law is given as:


Consider a plane ...

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

Electromagnetic waves can travel in the vacuum as well as in matter. For example light, which is an electromagnetic wave, can travel through air, water, ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a ...

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Source: Frederick W. Damen and Craig J. Goergen, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
In this video, high ...

an-introduction-to-drosophila-melanogaster

An Introduction to Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster, also known as the fruit fly, is a powerful model organism widely used in biological research that has made significant ...

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

HS-PS4-4.

FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells

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