Name: fret as a molecular ruler in cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:31:47.000Z
Duration: 6 min 39 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

HS-PS4-5.

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. In FRET, a donor photoluminescent molecule can non-radiatively transfer energy to an acceptor molecule if their respective emission and absorbance spectra overlap. The amount of energy transferred&#8212;and consequently the overall emission of sample&#8212;depends on the proximity of an acceptor-donor pair of photoluminescent molecules. FRET analysis is combined with other biochemistry techniques to obtain detailed information of biomolecular structures and interactions from this &#8220;spectroscopic ruler.&#8221;
This video covers the principles and concepts of FRET analysis. The procedure focuses on preparing samples for FRET and ways to present and interpret data. Finally, the applications include monitoring conformational and cellular processes by labeling parts of a cell or protein, monitoring enzyme reactions that alter protein structures, and using FRET to monitor aggregation of monomers expressed by cells.

f&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (fret)

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. In FRET, a donor photoluminescent molecule can non-radiatively transfer energy to an acceptor molecule if their respective emission and absorbance spectra overlap. The amount of energy transferred&#8212;and consequently the overall emission of sample&#8212;depends on the proximity of an acceptor-donor pair of photoluminescent molecules. FRET analysis is combined with other biochemistry techniques to obtain detailed information of biomolecular structures and interactions from this &#8220;spectroscopic ruler.&#8221;
This video covers the principles and concepts of FRET analysis. The procedure focuses on preparing samples for FRET and ways to present and interpret data. Finally, the applications include monitoring conformational and cellular processes by labeling parts of a cell or protein, monitoring enzyme reactions that alter protein structures, and using FRET to monitor aggregation of monomers expressed by cells.
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0">
F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer, or FRET, is a non-radiative transfer of energy between light-emitting molecules, and is often used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. FRET only occurs when fluorescent molecules are spaced within 10 nm of each other. FRET analysis can be combined with other techniques to obtain detailed structural information. This video will introduce the underlying principles of FRET, summarize a protocol and data presentation, and discuss some biochemical applications.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_1">
A photoluminescent molecule such as a fluorophore is excited by absorbing electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength in its absorption spectrum. As it relaxes, it emits light at a wavelength within its emission spectrum. For more information about fluorescence, see JoVE&#39;s video on fluorescence microscopy. Different fluorophores absorb and emit light at different wavelengths, which frequently overlap. If the emission spectrum of a fluorophore overlaps significantly with the absorption spectrum of another fluorophore, the &#8220;donor&#8221; will release a virtual photon, which is absorbed by the &#8220;acceptor&#8221;. When an excited donor is within 10 nm of an acceptor, energy is transferred from donor to acceptor by dipole-dipole interactions. The release of energy by emission of light from the donor correspondingly decreases. Meanwhile, the excited acceptor emits light at its emission wavelength. The FRET response is evaluated in terms of efficiency, or the percentage of energy released from the donor by FRET rather than by fluorescence or other radiative processes. The efficiency depends strongly on the distance between the donor and acceptor, which allows FRET to act as a &#39;molecular&#39; or &#39;spectroscopic&#39; ruler.
In biochemistry, FRET is often used qualitatively to observe conformational changes in molecules by monitoring fluorophores as they move in and out of FRET range of each other. Similarly, cellular functions can be studied with molecules containing a FRET pair. If the labeled molecule is cleaved by enzyme activity, FRET stops and the observed fluorescence wavelength changes.
Now that you understand the principles behind FRET, let&#39;s look at an overview of a protocol and a few ways to present and interpret the data.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_2">
Prior to the experiment, the biomolecules of interest, typically DNA or proteins, are engineered with fluorescent tags, using molecular biology techniques.&#160;Common ways to introduce the modified genetic material into the cells include transfection and electroporation.
Then, the cells are prepared for FRET visualization on a fluorescence microscope.&#160;For instance, the molecules may be immobilized on a slide for single-molecule FRET, or samples are loaded into wells for high-throughput screening.
Then, the excitation lasers, microscope, and associated equipment are prepared. (A) FRET experiments often involve powerful lasers; (B) so appropriate PPE and safety procedures should be used.&#160;The sample is then placed in the instrument and illuminated with the excitation laser.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_3">
For experiments monitoring cell behavior, color images showing differences or changes in emission intensity are used. Donor and acceptor emission intensities are plotted together to track FRET response over time.
FRET data can also be fitted to various functions for more complex analyses. Depending on the experiment, data may be presented in multiple ways to best represent the results, making FRET a flexible experimental tool.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_4">
Now that you&#39;re familiar with the basics of running and analyzing a FRET experiment, let&#39;s look at some applications of FRET in biochemistry research.
FRET can be used to study conformational changes or cellular processes by labeling parts of the protein or cell predicted to move within 10 nm of each other with a FRET pair. For example, protein sensors are prepared by labeling receptors with a pair of fluorophores. The FRET response is monitored live by confocal microscopy. Variation of emission wavelength and intensity indicate conformational changes.
FRET can also be used by preparing molecules with an active FRET pair and observing changes in the response. When the substrate is cleaved, FRET is disrupted, causing an increase in donor emission and a decrease in acceptor emission. The emissions are analyzed to determine contributions by donor, acceptor, and FRET. Once the direct emission factors are calculated for the cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins, the concentration and kinetic parameters of the substrate can be determined.
Cells designed to express monomers containing either of a FRET pair function as &#39;sensors&#39; for interactions between those monomers. If aggregation of those monomers is induced, a FRET response is observed. This can be used to investigate protein aggregation triggered by &#39;seeding&#39; of misfolded proteins. Here, cells were transduced with aggregates of the protein of interest, incubated, and analyzed with flow cytometry.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_5">
You&#39;ve just watched JoVE&#39;s video on F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer, or FRET. This video contained the underlying principles of FRET, preparation and analysis of a FRET experiment, and a few biochemical applications.
Thanks for watching!
</div>

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. In FRET, a donor photoluminescent ...

F?rster Resonance Energy Transfer, or FRET, is a non-radiative transfer of energy between light-emitting molecules, and is often used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. FRET only occurs when fluorescent molecules are spaced within 10 nm of each other. FRET analysis can be combined with other techniques to obtain detailed structural information. This video will introduce the underlying principles of FRET, summarize a protocol and data presentation, and discuss some biochemical applications.A photoluminescent molecule such as a fluorophore is excited by absorbing electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength in its absorption spectrum. As it relaxes, it emits light at a wavelength within its emission spectrum. For more information about fluorescence, see JoVE's video on fluorescence microscopy. Different fluorophores absorb and emit light at different wavelengths, which frequently overlap. If the emission spectrum of a fluorophore overlaps significantly with the absorption spectrum of another fluorophore, the ?donor? will release a virtual photon, which is absorbed by the ?acceptor?. When an excited donor is within 10 nm of an acceptor, energy is transferred from donor to acceptor by dipole-dipole interactions. The release of energy by emission of light from the donor correspondingly decreases. Meanwhile, the excited acceptor emits light at its emission wavelength. The FRET response is evaluated in terms of efficiency, or the percentage of energy released from the donor by FRET rather than by fluorescence or other radiative processes. The efficiency depends strongly on the distance between the donor and acceptor, which allows FRET to act as a 'molecular' or 'spectroscopic' ruler.In biochemistry, FRET is often used qualitatively to observe conformational changes in molecules by monitoring fluorophores as they move in and out of FRET range of each other. Similarly, cellular functions can be studied with molecules containing a FRET pair. If the labeled molecule is cleaved by enzyme activity, FRET stops and the observed fluorescence wavelength changes.Now that you understand the principles behind FRET, let's look at an overview of a protocol and a few ways to present and interpret the data.Prior to the experiment, the biomolecules of interest, typically DNA or proteins, are engineered with fluorescent tags, using molecular biology techniques.?Common ways to introduce the modified genetic material into the cells include transfection and electroporation.Then, the cells are prepared for FRET visualization on a fluorescence microscope.?For instance, the molecules may be immobilized on a slide for single-molecule FRET, or samples are loaded into wells for high-throughput screening.Then, the excitation lasers, microscope, and associated equipment are prepared. (A) FRET experiments often involve powerful lasers; (B) so appropriate PPE and safety procedures should be used.?The sample is then placed in the instrument and illuminated with the excitation laser.For experiments monitoring cell behavior, color images showing differences or changes in emission intensity are used. Donor and acceptor emission intensities are plotted together to track FRET response over time.FRET data can also be fitted to various functions for more complex analyses. Depending on the experiment, data may be presented in multiple ways to best represent the results, making FRET a flexible experimental tool.Now that you're familiar with the basics of running and analyzing a FRET experiment, let's look at some applications of FRET in biochemistry research.FRET can be used to study conformational changes or cellular processes by labeling parts of the protein or cell predicted to move within 10 nm of each other with a FRET pair. For example, protein sensors are prepared by labeling receptors with a pair of fluorophores. The FRET response is monitored live by confocal microscopy. Variation of emission wavelength and intensity indicate conformational changes.FRET can also be used by preparing molecules with an active FRET pair and observing changes in the response. When the substrate is cleaved, FRET is disrupted, causing an increase in donor emission and a decrease in acceptor emission. The emissions are analyzed to determine contributions by donor, acceptor, and FRET. Once the direct emission factors are calculated for the cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins, the concentration and kinetic parameters of the substrate can be determined.Cells designed to express monomers containing either of a FRET pair function as 'sensors' for interactions between those monomers. If aggregation of those monomers is induced, a FRET response is observed. This can be used to investigate protein aggregation triggered by 'seeding' of misfolded proteins. Here, cells were transduced with aggregates of the protein of interest, incubated, and analyzed with flow cytometry.You've just watched JoVE's video on F?rster Resonance Energy Transfer, or FRET. This video contained the underlying principles of FRET, preparation and analysis of a FRET experiment, and a few biochemical applications.Thanks for watching!

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Chemistry

Biochemistry

fret as a molecular ruler in cells

Föster resonance energy transfer, or FRET, is a way to study close-range biochemical interactions using light-emitting molecules. A donor fluorophore can pass energy to an acceptor fluorophore when their emission and absorption spectra overlap. This transfer happens only when the pair is very close together, usually within 10 nm.

Because FRET depends on distance, it is often called a molecular or spectroscopic ruler. The strength of the signal is measured as FRET efficiency, which describes how much donor energy is transferred instead of being released as fluorescence. Researchers use this relationship to learn about biomolecular structure and interactions.

FRET is often used to follow conformational changes in proteins and other cell molecules. It can also help monitor cellular processes when fluorophores move in and out of FRET range. If an enzyme cuts a labeled molecule, FRET stops, and the emission pattern changes.

To run a FRET experiment, the biomolecules of interest, usually DNA or proteins, are engineered with fluorescent tags. Modified genetic material is commonly introduced into cells by transfection or electroporation. The samples are then prepared for visualization on a fluorescence microscope, either by immobilizing molecules on a slide for single-molecule FRET or by loading them into wells for high-throughput screening.

The microscope, lasers, and related equipment are prepared before the sample is illuminated. FRET experiments often use powerful lasers, so proper PPE and safety procedures are important. The sample is then analyzed as donor and acceptor signals are recorded.

FRET data can be shown in different ways depending on the experiment. Color images may show changes in emission intensity in live-cell studies. Donor and acceptor intensities can also be plotted over time, and the results may be fitted to functions for more complex analysis.

FRET has several biochemical applications. Protein sensors can be built by labeling receptors with a FRET pair and tracking changes with confocal microscopy. FRET can also be used to study enzyme reactions that alter protein structure, and the emissions can be analyzed to separate donor, acceptor, and FRET contributions.

Another use is monitoring monomer aggregation in cells. Cells can be designed to express monomers that contain one part of a FRET pair, and aggregation produces a measurable FRET response. This approach can help study protein aggregation triggered by seeding with misfolded proteins, using transduced cells followed by incubation and flow cytometry.

FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells

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Föster resonance energy transfer, or FRET, is a way to study close-range biochemical interactions using light-emitting molecules. A donor fluorophore can pass energy to an acceptor fluorophore when their emission and absorption spectra overlap. This transfer happens only when the pair is very close together, usually within 10 nm. Because FRET depends on distance, it is often called a molecular or spectroscopic ruler. The strength of the signal is measured as FRET efficiency, which describes...

surface plasmon resonance (spr)

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biochemistry

This collection presents commonly used purification methods, such as affinity chromatography, as well as analytical methods, like MALDI-TOF. In addition, the videos showcase methods for assessing biomolecule interaction and function, such as co-immunoprecipitation and metabolic labeling.

Learn how FRET uses donor and acceptor fluorophores to measure distance, track protein changes, and study enzyme activity in cells.

FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells | JoVE K12

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Overview

Principles of FRET

Performing the FRET Experiment

Data Presentation and Analysis

Applications

Summary

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FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells

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