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Social Psychology
Heurística de Disponibilidad
Heurística de Disponibilidad
JoVE Core
Social Psychology
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JoVE Core Social Psychology
The Availability Heuristic

8.4: Heurística de Disponibilidad

6,913 Views
01:08 min
February 12, 2020
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):

  • When one is faced with too much information
  • When the time to make a decision is limited
  • When the decision to be made is unimportant
  • When there is access to very little information to use in making the decision
  • When an appropriate heuristic happens to come to mind in the same moment

Availability Heuristic

The availability heuristic is a heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision. Biases tend to “preserve that which is already established—to maintain our preexisting knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and hypotheses” (Aronson, 1995; Kahneman, 2011).

This text is adapted from OpenStax, Psychology. OpenStax CNX.

Transcript

En respuesta a una pregunta, como "¿Qué trabajo es más perjudicial para la salud: ser un operador de una planta de gas o un dentista?", alguien puede generar intuitivamente pensamientos que conducen a un juicio aparentemente automático y rápido.

Después de todo, en las últimas noticias, han observado eventos relacionados, vívidamente repetidos una y otra vez.

Como resultado, los episodios pueden ser más memorables: las instancias dramáticas son más fáciles de recuperar y estar disponibles.

En este caso, la persona utiliza la heurística de disponibilidad, el proceso por el cual los juicios de frecuencia o probabilidad se basan en cómo las instancias relevantes vienen a la mente con facilidad.

Desafortunadamente, su respuesta está distorsionada, ya que los dentistas tienen más probabilidades de estar expuestos a enfermedades mortales, infecciones, radiación y estar sentados durante mucho tiempo, según los datos compilados.

Si bien la heurística de disponibilidad puede acelerar decisiones que a veces pueden ser precisas, tenga en cuenta que estas conclusiones rápidas también pueden conducir a reflexiones incorrectas y contribuciones sobreestimadas dentro del mundo real.

Explore More Videos

Heurística de disponibilidad Operador de planta de gas Dentista Salud Respuesta distorsionada Enfermedades mortales Infecciones Radiación Estar sentado durante mucho tiempo Heurística de disponibilidad Atajos mentales Marco de resolución de problemas Heurística

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