Fuente: Smaa Koraym de la Universidad Johns Hopkins, MD, EE.UU.
En este experimento, combinará concentraciones variables de HCl acuoso y tiosulfato de sodio para producir azufre sólido, que se acumula rápidamente en partículas amarillas opacas a una cierta concentración de azufre. Dado que la solución de reacción comienza clara e incolora, puede saber fácilmente cuándo alcanza esa concentración.
Usarás el mismo tubo de ensayo y el mismo volumen total cada vez, por lo que se necesitará la misma cantidad de azufre para que cada solución sea completamente opaca. Por lo tanto, medirá el progreso de la reacción cronometrando el tiempo que tarda. A continuación, utilizará esos datos para estimar los órdenes de reacción de los reactivos individuales y de la reacción general.
Antes de comenzar el laboratorio, haga una tabla que enumere las concentraciones de reactivos, el tiempo hasta la opacidad de la solución y la temperatura de la solución para los ensayos.
| juicio | [na2s2o3] (m) | [HCl] (M) | Tiempo (s) | Temperatura (°C) |
| 1 | 0.1 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 2 | 0.1 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 3 | 0.2 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 4 | 0.15 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 5 | 0.05 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 6 | 0.1 M | 6.0 M | ||
| 7 | 0.1 M | 4.5 M | ||
| 8 | 0.1 M | 1.5 M |
Haga clic aquí para descargar la Tabla 1
Queremos asegurarnos de que todas las reacciones tengan lugar a temperatura ambiente. Realizará dos ensayos de referencia, tres ensayos con diferentes concentraciones de tiosulfato de sodio y tres ensayos con diferentes concentraciones de HCl. Variará las concentraciones diluyendo soluciones madre de tiosulfato de sodio y HCl, como se muestra en las siguientes tablas.
| Concentración objetivo | Volumen de tiosulfato de sodio 0.2 M | Volumen de agua desionizada |
| 0.05 M | 5 mL | 15 mL |
| 0.10 M | 10 mL | 10 mL |
| 0.15 M | 15 mL | 5 mL |
| 0.20 M | 20 mL | 0 mL |
Haga clic aquí para descargar la Tabla 2
| Concentración objetivo | Volumen de HCl de 6.0 m | Volumen de agua desionizada |
| 1.5 M | 2.5 mL | 7.5 mL |
| 3.0 M | 5.0 mL | 5.0 mL |
| 4.5 M | 7.5 mL | 2.5 mL |
| 6.0 M | 10 mL | 0 mL |
Haga clic aquí para descargar la Tabla 3
Recuerde tener cuidado al manipular HCl, que es tóxico y altamente corrosivo. El dióxido de azufre, que es un producto gaseoso de esta reacción, también es tóxico. Dejará los residuos de reacción en la campana extractora durante la noche para que el dióxido de azufre escape sin causar daño.
| Trial | [Na2S2O3] añadido | Na2S2O3 volumen (mL) | Volumen total (mL) | [Na2S2O3] en mezcla | Tiempo (s) | Tiempo inverso (s-1) |
| 1, 2 | 0.1 | |||||
| 3 | 0.2 | |||||
| 4 | 0.15 | |||||
| 5 | 0.05 |
| Trial | [HCl] añadido | Volumen de HCl (mL) | Volumen total (mL) | [HCl] en mezcla | Tiempo (s) |
| 1, 2 | 0.1 | ||||
| 3 | 0.2 | ||||
| 4 | 0.15 | ||||
| 5 | 0.05 |
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Lab Manual videos
Q1: How do you prepare diluted solutions of sodium thiosulfate for the concentration dependence experiment?
Use a volumetric pipette to measure the required volume of 0.2 M sodium thiosulfate stock solution and dispense it into a volumetric flask. Fill the flask with deionized water to the mark, seal with plastic paraffin film, and invert several times to thoroughly mix. This dilution procedure ensures accurate target concentrations ranging from 0.05 M to 0.2 M for each trial.
Q2: Why is measuring the time to solution opacity used to track reaction progress?
The reaction produces solid sulfur that creates visible cloudiness in the initially clear, colorless solution. Since each trial uses the same test tube and total volume, it takes the same amount of sulfur to make the solution completely opaque. By timing when the X mark disappears, you measure how fast sulfur is produced, which directly reflects the reaction rate.
Q3: What does the relationship between sodium thiosulfate concentration and reaction time reveal about reaction order?
When sodium thiosulfate concentration doubles, the time to opacity is halved, indicating the reaction rate doubles proportionally. When concentration increases by a factor of four, the reaction rate also increases by a factor of four. This one-to-one relationship demonstrates that the reaction is first order with respect to sodium thiosulfate.
Q4: How does HCl concentration affect the rate of the sulfur precipitation reaction?
Reaction times remain nearly identical across trials with different HCl concentrations, from 1.5 M to 6.0 M. This lack of variation indicates that HCl concentration has no effect on the reaction rate, meaning the reaction is zeroth order with respect to HCl. The rate depends only on sodium thiosulfate concentration.
Q5: What precautions are necessary when handling the reactants and products in this experiment?
HCl is toxic and highly corrosive, requiring a lab coat, splash-proof safety glasses, and nitrile gloves. Sulfur dioxide, a gaseous product, is also toxic and must be allowed to escape harmlessly by leaving reaction waste in the fume hood overnight. Always work in a fume hood and neutralize waste with baking soda before disposal.
Q6: Why are benchmark trials performed before varying reactant concentrations?
Benchmark trials ensure that reactions occur at consistent room temperature and establish reproducible baseline measurements. Two benchmark trials must be within 3-5 seconds of each other to confirm experimental reliability. This consistency validates that subsequent variations in concentration, not temperature fluctuations, cause observed changes in reaction time.
Q7: How do you calculate the overall reaction order from individual reactant orders?
Add the reaction orders of all reactants to determine the overall reaction order. Since sodium thiosulfate is first order and HCl is zeroth order, the overall reaction order is one. This sum represents the total dependence of the reaction rate on all reactant concentrations combined.