13.2
Cuando la radiación infrarroja (IR) pasa a través de una molécula unida covalentemente, los enlaces pasan de niveles vibracionales más bajos a niveles…
Las moléculas activas por infrarrojos exhiben dos modos fundamentales de vibración que dan lugar a la absorción de infrarrojos.
Las vibraciones de estiramiento se producen a lo largo de la línea de unión y pueden cambiar la longitud de la unión. Los estiramientos pueden ser simétricos o asimétricos.
Las vibraciones de flexión cambian el ángulo de unión y se subdividen en modos dentro o fuera del plano. Las tijeras y el balanceo representan el primer tipo, mientras que el meneo y la torsión representan el segundo.
El número total de vibraciones fundamentales permitidas para una molécula no lineal como el etanol que contiene n número de átomos es de 3n − 6; sin embargo, solo se permiten 3n − 5 vibraciones fundamentales para una molécula lineal como el HCl.
Las vibraciones de estiramiento y flexión de un enlace ocurren a una frecuencia de absorción fundamental característica e involucran la excitación de enlaces desde el estado fundamental hasta el estado excitado de energía más baja.
Los múltiplos enteros de las frecuencias fundamentales de absorción se denominan armónicos.
La fusión de dos frecuencias vibratorias activas IR produce una banda combinada.
La vibración acoplada generada por la interacción de la banda fundamental con la banda armónica o combinada produce la resonancia de Fermi.
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Q1: What are the two main types of molecular vibrations in IR spectroscopy?
IR-active molecules exhibit stretching and bending vibrations. Stretching vibrations occur along the bond line and change bond length, while bending vibrations change bond angles without occurring along the bond line. Both types result in characteristic IR absorption when bonds transition from ground state to the lowest energy excited state.
Q2: How do symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations differ?
In symmetric stretching, two bonds elongate and contract together simultaneously. Asymmetric stretching involves one bond moving in one direction while another bond moves in the opposite direction. These different motions produce distinct peak splitting in IR spectra through IR spectrum peak splitting symmetric vs asymmetric vibrations.
Q3: What are the types of bending vibrations in IR spectroscopy?
Bending vibrations are classified as in-plane or out-of-plane modes. In-plane bending includes scissoring (symmetric) and rocking (asymmetric) motions. Out-of-plane bending comprises twisting (symmetric) and wagging (asymmetric) motions. These distinct bending modes contribute unique absorption frequencies to IR spectra and enable molecular identification.
Q4: How many fundamental vibrations are allowed for nonlinear and linear molecules?
Nonlinear molecules like ethanol containing n atoms allow 3n − 6 fundamental vibrations. Linear molecules such as HCl allow only 3n − 5 fundamental vibrations. This difference arises because linear molecules have one fewer rotational degree of freedom, reducing the number of independent vibrational modes available.
Q5: What is the difference between overtones and combination bands in IR spectroscopy?
Overtones are integral multiples of fundamental absorption frequencies generated by any physical vibration in a molecule. Combination bands result from the fusion of two IR-active vibrational frequencies. Both phenomena appear in IR spectra and provide additional information about molecular structure beyond fundamental absorption peaks.
Q6: What is Fermi resonance and how does it affect IR spectra?
Fermi resonance is a coupled vibration created by the interaction of a fundamental band with either an overtone or combination band. This interaction produces spectral features that differ from simple superposition of individual bands, affecting peak positions and intensities in IR spectra.
Q7: Why do stretching and bending vibrations occur at characteristic frequencies?
Stretching and bending vibrations occur at characteristic fundamental absorption frequencies because bonds have specific energy requirements to transition from ground state to the lowest energy excited state. These frequencies depend on bond strength, atomic masses, and molecular geometry, making them unique identifiers for different functional groups.