4.3
Filtración
La filtración es un proceso de separación física que implica hacer pasar una suspensión a través de un medio poroso para separar los sólidos de los fl…
La filtración es la separación física de sólidos de un fluido utilizando un medio de filtración.
El medio de filtración se elige según el propósito de la filtración, la cantidad y el tamaño de partícula del sólido.
En general, la eficiencia de filtración aumenta con el tamaño de las partículas.
En la filtración simple, primero se permite que el precipitado se asiente, y el licor madre se decanta por una varilla de vidrio en un embudo equipado con papel de filtro.
A continuación, el precipitado se transfiere al papel de filtro mediante un policía de goma.
El papel de filtro sin cenizas se puede encender para recuperar el precipitado, cuando se requiere pesar.
Alternativamente, se utiliza un embudo de vidrio sinterizado fijado a un matraz Buchner, que tiene un brazo lateral que se puede conectar a una bomba de vacío, para atrapar el precipitado.
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Q1: What is filtration and how does it separate solids from liquids?
Filtration is a physical separation process that passes a suspension through a porous medium to separate solids from fluids. Solids collect on the porous medium while liquids, called the filtrate, pass through. The filtration medium is selected based on the filtration purpose, quantity, and nature of the precipitate to ensure effective separation.
Q2: How does particle size affect filtration efficiency?
Filtration efficiency increases with particle size. Larger particles are retained more effectively on the filtration medium, while smaller particles may pass through more easily. The choice of filtration medium depends on the particle size of the solid being separated to optimize efficiency.
Q3: What are the key properties of a suitable filtering medium?
A suitable filtering medium must be inert, mechanically strong, nonabsorbent toward dissolved materials, and permissive toward rapid filtration. These criteria ensure the medium does not react with the sample, maintains structural integrity during use, and allows efficient liquid passage while retaining solids.
Q4: Why is ashless filter paper preferred in gravimetric analysis?
Ashless filter paper is preferred because regular filter paper is hygroscopic and can absorb moisture, affecting mass measurements. Ashless filter paper can be ignited to recover the precipitate without leaving residue, making it ideal for gravimetric procedures that require accurate weighing of collected solids.
Q5: What is the difference between simple filtration and suction filtration?
Simple filtration uses gravity to pass liquid through filter paper in a funnel, with the precipitate settling first and mother liquor decanted. Suction filtration uses a Buchner flask connected to a vacuum pump with a sintered-glass funnel to trap the precipitate more rapidly and efficiently.
Q6: How do you recover and weigh solids collected in a crucible during suction filtration?
The solid is transferred to a glass or silica crucible containing a porous glass disc, then fitted into a Buchner flask for suction filtration. After filtration, the crucible is dried and weighed directly. The weight difference of the crucible before and after filtration gives the mass of the collected solid.
Q7: What is the purpose of using a rubber policeman during filtration?
A rubber policeman is used to dislodge any solid that adheres to the glass rod or beaker during the filtration process. This ensures complete transfer of the precipitate to the filter paper, preventing loss of sample and improving the accuracy of separation and subsequent gravimetric analysis. Filtration often precedes precipitation and co-precipitation procedures.