15.5
Músculos axiales y apendiculares
Los músculos esqueléticos, actores clave en el movimiento de nuestro cuerpo, se pueden clasificar en dos grupos según su ubicación y función: músculos…
Los músculos esqueléticos se dividen principalmente en dos grupos: los axiales y los apendiculares.
Los músculos axiales presentes a lo largo de la línea media del cuerpo están conectados principalmente con las regiones de la cabeza, el cuello y el tronco.
En la cabeza y el cuello, los músculos axiales son vitales para las expresiones faciales, el habla, la alimentación y diversos movimientos de la cabeza.
Además, algunos músculos del cuello ayudan a los músculos posteriores del tronco, comúnmente conocidos como músculos de la espalda, en los movimientos de la columna vertebral.
Los músculos torácicos, junto con los músculos abdominales como el recto, el oblicuo y el transverso, establecen las paredes anterolaterales del tronco.
Por último, el esqueleto axial inferior tiene músculos que se extienden entre el sacro y la cintura pélvica, creando el suelo pélvico.
Por otro lado, los músculos apendiculares son los asociados con la cintura pectoral, la cintura pélvica y las extremidades.
Estos músculos estabilizan y sostienen las estructuras en movimiento al caminar, correr y otras actividades físicas.
Los músculos apendiculares relacionados con la extremidad superior van desde los hombros hasta las manos, mientras que los músculos de las extremidades inferiores van desde las caderas hasta los pies.
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Q1: What is the main difference between axial and appendicular muscles?
Axial muscles are located along the body's midline and connect to the axial skeleton, including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. They control facial expressions, head and neck movements, speaking, and eating. Appendicular muscles, by contrast, attach to the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs, providing stability and enabling movement during activities like walking and running.
Q2: Which axial muscles form the walls of the trunk?
The thoracic muscles and abdominal muscles, including the rectus, oblique, and transverse muscles, form the anterolateral walls of the trunk. These muscles of the abdomen provide structural support and stability to the torso, protecting internal organs and enabling trunk movements and breathing.
Q3: What role do axial muscles play in head and neck movements?
Axial muscles in the head and neck are vital for facial expressions, talking, and eating. Additionally, some neck muscles work with posterior trunk muscles to assist in movements of the vertebral column. These muscles of the vertebral column coordinate to enable flexion, extension, and rotation of the spine.
Q4: How do appendicular muscles support limb movement?
Appendicular muscles stabilize and support moving structures during physical activities like walking and running. Upper limb muscles extend from the shoulders to the hands, enabling precise hand movements. Lower limb muscles stretch from the hips to the feet, providing mobility and balance during locomotion and weight-bearing activities.
Q5: What muscles form the pelvic floor?
The lower axial skeleton contains muscles that extend between the sacrum and pelvic girdle, creating the pelvic floor. These muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum provide support for pelvic organs and contribute to core stability during movement and posture maintenance.
Q6: Where are appendicular muscles located in the upper and lower limbs?
Upper appendicular muscles extend from the shoulders down to the hands, enabling intricate tasks and arm movements. Lower appendicular muscles stretch from the hips to the feet, ensuring mobility and balance. Both regions contain muscles that attach to the pectoral and pelvic girdles, respectively, allowing coordinated limb function.
Q7: How do axial muscles contribute to facial expressions and eating?
Axial muscles in the head and neck are essential for creating facial expressions and controlling jaw and mouth movements during eating. These muscles for facial expressions work in coordination with muscles around the mouth and eyes to produce the varied expressions humans use for communication and food manipulation.