4.6
Viscosidad
La viscosidad es una propiedad de los fluidos que mide su resistencia al flujo. Está influenciado por factores como el área superficial de contacto, e…
La viscosidad es la fricción interna o resistencia al flujo en un fluido.
La viscosidad surge porque las interacciones intermoleculares hacen que las capas adyacentes resistan el deslizamiento, creando un gradiente de velocidad que escala desde la capa superficial estacionaria hasta el centro que se mueve más rápido.
Para mantener este gradiente, se aplica una fuerza externa proporcional al área y al gradiente de velocidad descrito por la ley de viscosidad de Newton, una relación que conecta la fuerza aplicada y el caudal con las propiedades físicas del fluido.
La constante de proporcionalidad es el coeficiente de viscosidad
A medida que aumenta la temperatura, la viscosidad de un líquido generalmente disminuye, mientras que la viscosidad tiende a aumentar con mayor presión.
El número de Reynolds es una relación adimensional entre fuerzas inerciales y viscosas en un fluido. Determina el tipo de flujo. La alta viscosidad favorece el flujo laminar ya que dominan las fuerzas viscosas, mientras que la baja viscosidad favorece el flujo turbulento debido a las fuerzas inerciales dominantes.
El volumen de líquido en flujo laminar está dado por la ecuación de Poiseuille, donde R es el radio de la tubería, p1 y p2 son las presiones de entrada y salida, t es el tiempo de flujo, η es el coeficiente de viscosidad y l es la longitud de la tubería.
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Q1: What causes viscosity in fluids?
Viscosity arises from intermolecular interactions that cause adjacent fluid layers to resist sliding against each other. This resistance creates a velocity gradient, scaling from a stationary surface layer to faster-moving fluid at the center. The internal friction between layers opposes flow and requires external force to maintain motion.
Q2: How does Newton's law of viscosity relate force to flow?
Newton's law of viscosity states that viscous force is proportional to both the contact area and the velocity gradient, expressed as F = −ηA(dv/dz). The coefficient of viscosity η is the proportionality constant connecting applied force to flow rate. This relationship holds for gases and most liquids under laminar flow conditions.
Q3: How do temperature and pressure affect viscosity?
As temperature increases, liquid viscosity generally decreases because molecular motion overcomes intermolecular forces. Conversely, higher pressure tends to increase viscosity by compressing the fluid and strengthening intermolecular interactions. These relationships are critical for predicting fluid behavior across different conditions.
Q4: What does the Reynolds number tell us about fluid flow?
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless ratio of inertial to viscous forces that determines whether flow is laminar or turbulent. High viscosity promotes laminar flow with smooth, orderly motion where viscous forces dominate. Low viscosity favors turbulent flow with random velocity fluctuations when inertial forces dominate.
Q5: What is Poiseuille's equation used for?
Poiseuille's equation describes the volume flow rate through a cylindrical tube under laminar flow conditions. Flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and the fourth power of the tube radius, but inversely proportional to fluid viscosity and pipe length. This relationship is fundamental to understanding viscous flow in confined geometries.
Q6: What are the SI and non-SI units of viscosity?
The SI unit of viscosity is the Pascal-second (kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹). The non-SI unit is the poise, where 1 poise equals 10⁻¹ kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹. Centipoise and millipoise are also common measurements used in laboratory and industrial applications.
Q7: How do laminar and turbulent flow differ?
Laminar flow is smooth and orderly with stable velocity gradients where viscous forces dominate. Turbulent flow exhibits random velocity fluctuations and multidirectional fluid movement at high flow rates. Both are types of bulk flow, but turbulent flow occurs when Newton's law of viscosity breaks down and inertial forces become dominant.