31.5
Estabilidad transitoria y controles del sistema
El control de la tensión del generador es crucial para mantener el funcionamiento estable de los generadores síncronos y las turbinas eólicas. En los…
En los generadores síncronos, el excitador suministra energía de CC al devanado de campo del rotor.
Los modelos más antiguos utilizan un generador de CC accionado por rotor como excitador, mientras que los modernos utilizan excitadores estáticos o sin escobillas.
Los excitadores estáticos rectifican la alimentación de CA de los terminales o el bus del generador y la suministran al rotor.
Los excitadores sin escobillas utilizan un generador síncrono invertido, que rectifica la alimentación de CA desde los devanados del inducido hasta el devanado de campo.
Los excitadores de tipo 1 tienen un generador de CC accionado por eje y un regulador de voltaje que ajusta la corriente de campo en función del voltaje terminal.
En las turbinas eólicas, el control de voltaje varía según el tipo de excitador. El tipo 1 carece de control directo, mientras que el tipo 2 utiliza el control de resistencia para mantener constante la potencia de salida durante las ráfagas de viento.
Los excitadores de tipo 3 controlan la potencia reactiva, manteniéndola constante o variando con la potencia real de salida.
Los diagramas de bloques visualizan el control de voltaje del generador en programas de estabilidad transitoria.
Los excitadores de alta ganancia y respuesta rápida aumentan el voltaje de campo durante los cortocircuitos, lo que mejora la estabilidad transitoria.
Las ecuaciones del diagrama de bloques calculan la respuesta transitoria.
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Q1: What is the difference between static and brushless exciters in synchronous generators?
Static exciters rectify AC power from generator terminals or bus and supply DC power directly to the rotor field winding. Brushless exciters use an inverted synchronous generator, rectifying AC power from armature windings via diodes mounted on the rotor, eliminating slip rings and brushes. Both replace older rotor-driven DC generators, improving reliability and reducing maintenance.
Q2: How does a Type 1 exciter control generator terminal voltage?
A Type 1 exciter uses a shaft-driven DC generator with a voltage regulator that measures terminal voltage and compares it to a reference voltage. The voltage error is processed with a gain and time constant, producing a field voltage that adjusts the rotor field current. This feedback mechanism maintains stable terminal voltage output.
Q3: Why do high-gain, fast-responding exciters improve transient stability?
High-gain, fast-responding exciters rapidly increase field voltage during short circuits, strengthening the generator's ability to maintain synchronism. This quick response enhances the simplified synchronous machine model's transient performance by providing immediate reactive power support. Faster exciter response reduces voltage dips and improves overall system stability during disturbances.
Q4: What voltage control methods are used in different wind turbine types?
Type 1 wind turbines use squirrel cage induction machines without direct voltage regulation. Type 2 systems employ wound rotor machines with adjustable external resistance to maintain constant power during wind gusts. Type 3 and Type 4 configurations manage both real and reactive power, providing enhanced control over generator output.
Q5: How do block diagrams represent generator voltage control systems?
Block diagrams visualize the feedback control loop by showing terminal voltage measurement compared against reference voltage, with the error processed through a voltage regulator with gain and time constant parameters. These diagrams compute transient response equations and standardize the representation of exciter and generator dynamics for stability analysis and system design.
Q6: What role does the field winding play in synchronous generator voltage control?
The field winding receives DC power from the exciter, creating the magnetic field that generates terminal voltage. The voltage regulator adjusts field current based on terminal voltage feedback, allowing precise control of generator output. This excitation control is essential for maintaining stable voltage and improving transient stability during system disturbances.
Q7: How does Type 2 wind turbine resistance control maintain power output stability?
Type 2 wind turbines use adjustable external resistance in the rotor circuit of wound rotor induction machines to regulate slip and power output. During wind speed variations, the resistance adjustment maintains consistent power delivery despite changing wind conditions. This resistance control mechanism provides a cost-effective alternative to direct voltage regulation in variable-speed wind turbine systems.