Fisioterapia torácica

Chest physiotherapy includes three primary techniques: postural drainage, percussion, and vibration. Postural drainage strategically positions patients to use gravity for draining secretions from specific lung segments. Percussion involves rhythmic chest tapping with cupped hands to loosen secretions. Vibration applies gentle pressure with the palm while tensing hand and arm muscles as the patient exhales, promoting secretion movement to larger airways.

Postural drainage uses gravity to facilitate secretion drainage from targeted lung and bronchial segments into the trachea. The patient is positioned based on affected lung areas, typically identified through chest X-rays and auscultation. The position is maintained for 5 minutes during percussion and vibration to allow adequate drainage and mobilization of thick mucus from the respiratory tract.

Chest physiotherapy benefits patients with excessive bronchial secretions and conditions including atelectasis, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumonia. It can be performed on spontaneously breathing patients and those receiving mechanical ventilation ii invasive ventilation. The therapy helps loosen and mobilize secretions, increasing mucous clearance and making expectoration easier for patients.

Nurses must avoid percussion and vibration over vulnerable areas including surgical incisions, the sternum, below the ribs, over the spine, and breasts. These areas are susceptible to tissue damage and patient discomfort. Percussion should never be performed on bare skin, and both techniques require careful hand placement to prevent injury while effectively mobilizing secretions.

Chest physiotherapy should be scheduled at least one hour before meals or three hours after meals to avoid patient discomfort and potential complications. This timing prevents interference with digestion and reduces the risk of aspiration or nausea during the procedure. Proper scheduling ensures optimal patient tolerance and effectiveness of the therapeutic intervention.

Nurses identify affected lung areas through chest X-rays and auscultation, which reveal specific lung segments requiring drainage. Based on these findings, the patient is positioned accordingly for 10-15 minutes to facilitate adequate postural drainage. This assessment-driven approach ensures targeted treatment of affected areas and optimizes secretion clearance from the respiratory tract.

Percussion is performed by placing hands in a cup-like position with fingers and thumbs closed, creating an air pocket between the patient's chest and hand. Both hands alternate rhythmically to promote movement of thick mucus and loosen secretions. The cupped hand technique generates vibrations that effectively mobilize bronchial secretions without causing tissue trauma when applied correctly.