6.4
Sangrado en hormigón fresco
El sangrado en el hormigón fresco se produce cuando el agua de la mezcla sube a la superficie. Esto sucede porque los componentes sólidos de la mezcla…
Si el agua de la mezcla de hormigón sube a la parte superior del hormigón recién colocado, está sangrando. La causa es que los sólidos de la mezcla no pueden retener toda el agua a medida que se asientan.
La extensión del sangrado se puede cuantificar midiendo el asentamiento total o la disminución de la altura por unidad de altura del hormigón.
A veces, el agua ascendente queda atrapada debajo de grandes partículas de agregados o refuerzos, creando vacíos.
Si estos vacíos se alinean, pueden hacer que el concreto sea más permeable horizontalmente.
Si el agua ascendente transporta una gran cantidad de partículas finas de cemento, se forma una capa débil y porosa conocida como lechada en la superficie de la losa, dejando una textura polvorienta que puede dar lugar a un plano frágil que compromete la adherencia con las capas de hormigón posteriores.
Eliminar la lechada mediante el cepillado y el enjuague es crucial porque forma ampollas si atrapa burbujas de aire o agua sangrante.
El sangrado disminuye con cemento más fino, mayor contenido de álcali o aluminato tricálcico, o la adición de cloruro de calcio, a pesar de los posibles inconvenientes.
Además, el arrastre de aire reduce eficazmente el sangrado, lo que permite un proceso de acabado más rápido inmediatamente después de la colada del hormigón.
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Q1: What causes bleeding in fresh concrete?
Bleeding occurs when water from the concrete mix rises to the surface because the mix's solid components fail to retain all water as they settle. This separation causes water to collect at the top of the newly laid concrete. The extent of bleeding can be measured by assessing total settlement or the decrease in height per unit height of concrete.
Q2: How does bleeding affect concrete permeability and surface quality?
Rising water can become trapped beneath large aggregate particles or reinforcement, creating voids that increase horizontal permeability if they align. Additionally, when ascending water carries fine cement particles to the surface, it forms laitance—a weak, porous layer with a dusty texture. This layer creates a fragile plane that compromises adhesion with subsequent concrete layers and can form blisters if it traps air bubbles.
Q3: What is laitance and why must it be removed from concrete?
Laitance is a weak, porous layer that forms on the concrete surface when rising water transports fine cement particles upward. Removing laitance by brushing and rinsing is crucial because it creates a fragile plane that weakens adhesion between concrete layers and can trap air bubbles or bleeding water, forming blisters that compromise structural integrity.
Q4: How can finer cement and chemical additives reduce bleeding?
Bleeding decreases with finer cement, which improves water retention in the mix. Adding substances with higher alkali or tricalcium aluminate content also reduces bleeding. Calcium chloride is another effective additive, despite potential drawbacks. These modifications help stabilize the mix and minimize water separation at the surface.
Q5: What role does air entrainment play in controlling bleeding?
Air entrainment effectively reduces bleeding in concrete by improving the mix's ability to retain water and stabilize the structure. By incorporating air bubbles into the concrete, this technique enables a quicker and more efficient finishing process immediately after casting, while simultaneously minimizing water separation and surface defects.
Q6: How is bleeding severity measured in fresh concrete?
The severity of bleeding is quantifiable by measuring the total settlement or by calculating the decrease in height per unit height of concrete. These measurements provide a numerical assessment of how much water has risen to the surface, helping engineers evaluate the quality of the concrete mix and determine if mitigation strategies are needed.
Q7: How does bleeding relate to factors affecting workability?
Bleeding is influenced by factors affecting workability, including cement fineness, water content, and mix composition. Understanding these factors affecting workability helps engineers design concrete mixes that minimize bleeding while maintaining adequate workability for proper placement and consolidation during construction operations.