Errores y fallos en topografía

A surveyor might misread a 9 as a 6, record incorrect quantities in the field notes, or add a column of numbers incorrectly.

These instances are examples of errors and mistakes in surveying.

An error is a deviation from the true value caused by the imperfection of human senses, equipment flaws, or weather effects.

A mistake is a deviation from the true value caused by the surveyor's inattention.

Personal errors can occur when estimating the fractional part of a scale. The surveyor can never read it perfectly and will always be slightly over or under the actual value.

Instrumental errors arise because components of the instruments cannot be precisely adjusted relative to each other. Additionally, wear and tear over time contribute to further inaccuracies.

Natural errors are caused by factors such as temperature, wind, moisture, and magnetic variations. 

For instance, on a summer day, a steel tape can expand slightly due to heat. Each time the tape is used to measure a distance, this expansion introduces a small temperature error.