Modèle économique

The Economic Model assumes consumers have fixed income, make informed decisions with complete product knowledge, and maintain consistent preferences while seeking maximum value. It proposes that consumers compare prices and quality to optimize utility within their budget constraints. However, these assumptions rarely capture real-world complexity, as consumers often face impulse buying, limited knowledge, changing preferences, and urgent needs that override rational economic principles.

The Economic Model centers on rational decision-making driven by utility maximization, where consumers allocate income efficiently to derive greatest satisfaction from goods and services. Consumers weigh marginal utility—the additional satisfaction from each product unit—against its price. Factors like income, prices, and individual preferences influence choices, helping businesses anticipate sales by considering customer income and product prices.

The Economic Model overlooks impulse buying, limited product knowledge, changing preferences, urgent needs, and alternative financing methods. For example, during holidays, toy costs may exceed a buyer's resources, prompting credit card or personal loan use where need becomes the primary driver rather than economic principles. The model also neglects psychological and social dimensions that significantly influence actual consumer behavior.

Despite oversimplifying human behavior, the Economic Model provides a foundational framework to predict how consumers respond to price and product feature changes. It helps businesses anticipate sales by considering customer income and product prices, assuming that marketing the lowest-priced product ensures consistent profits. This predictive utility makes it valuable for strategic pricing and marketing decisions.

Income is a primary constraint in the Economic Model, as consumers must allocate their fixed income across available goods and services. The model assumes consumers optimize their well-being by distributing income to maximize utility. However, when income proves insufficient for desired purchases, consumers may seek alternative financing or adjust preferences, revealing the model's inability to account for behavioral responses beyond rational allocation.

Marketers responding to the Economic Model adjust prices and emphasize value propositions to appeal to income-conscious consumers. By understanding economic factors that impact purchasing power, businesses can position products competitively. However, this approach assumes consumers always seek the lowest price, which overlooks how factors affecting consumer decision process—such as psychological and social influences—drive actual purchasing behavior beyond pure economic rationality.

The Economic Model emphasizes rational utility maximization within budget constraints, contrasting with frameworks that incorporate psychological, social, and cultural dimensions. While influential for predicting price-driven responses, it is critiqued for neglecting the complexity of human decision-making. Other models address impulse buying, emotional preferences, and social influences that the Economic Model cannot explain, providing more comprehensive understanding of actual consumer behavior.