Question 1

How does fractional-reserve banking expand the money supply?

Accepted Answer

In fractional-reserve banking, banks hold only a portion of deposits as reserves and lend the remainder. When loans are redeposited into other banks, each bank retains a fraction as reserves and lends out the rest. This repeating cycle across multiple banks causes the money supply to expand beyond the original deposit amount, creating a multiplier effect throughout the banking system.

Question 2

What is the simple money multiplier and how is it calculated?

Accepted Answer

The simple money multiplier equals one divided by the reserve-deposit ratio. It indicates the maximum amount the money supply can increase for each dollar of new reserves injected into the banking system. For example, with a ten percent reserve ratio, the multiplier is ten, meaning a $100 initial reserve injection can expand the money supply by $1,000.

Question 3

Why do banks remain liable for full deposit amounts in fractional-reserve banking?

Accepted Answer

Even though banks lend out a portion of deposits, the original deposit remains a liability on the bank's balance sheet because the bank still owes depositors the full amount. The bank's assets include both its reserves and the loans it makes. This structure ensures depositors can withdraw their funds while banks use deposits to generate income through lending.

Question 4

How does the reserve-deposit ratio affect potential money supply growth?

Accepted Answer

A smaller reserve-deposit ratio results in a larger potential increase in the money supply. Since banks must retain less as reserves, they can lend more of each deposit. This increases the multiplier effect, allowing more money to circulate through the economy. Conversely, a higher reserve ratio limits lending and constrains money supply expansion.

Question 5

What happens when a bank receives a new deposit in the fractional-reserve system?

Accepted Answer

When a bank receives a deposit, it retains a fraction as required reserves based on the reserve-deposit ratio and lends out the remainder. The borrower then deposits this loan into another bank, which repeats the process. This creates a continuous cycle where each successive bank holds reserves and lends out the rest, progressively expanding total money in the economy.

Question 6

What formula calculates the total change in money supply from new reserves?

Accepted Answer

The formula is: Initial change in reserves multiplied by one divided by the reserve-deposit ratio. For instance, if $100 in new reserves enters a system with a ten percent reserve ratio, the total money supply change is $100 × (1 ÷ 0.10) = $1,000. This demonstrates how initial reserve injections create a magnified effect on total money supply.

Question 7

Why is the fractional-reserve banking model considered simplified?

Accepted Answer

The fractional-reserve banking model provides a theoretical framework for understanding money creation but does not account for real-world complexities. Actual banking systems involve additional factors such as customer behavior, regulatory requirements, and economic conditions that affect how much banks actually lend and how money circulates through the economy.

Système bancaire à réserves fractionnaires II

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