Name: motion as a source of energy
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:09.000Z
Duration: 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

9-12.PS.1.1

Kinetic Energy

- [Narrateur] L'énergie cinétique est la capacitéde tout objet en mouvement à faire une actionou apporter un changement. 
Dans les systèmes biologiques,les objets se déplacent de différentes manières,comme les minuscules particules de lumière,qui créent de la nourriture,un animal qui se dirige vers son prochain repas,ou des molécules qui se propagentpour attirer un prédateur à proximité.

Kohn, Kathryn P., Sonia M. Underwood et Melanie M. Cooper. « Connexions et mauvaises connexions énergétiques à travers la chimie et la biologie. » CBE Life Sciences Education 17, n° 1 (2018). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.17-08-0169 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

Énergie cinétique

L’énergie cinétique est la capacité d’un objet en mouvement à effectuer un travail ou à adopter un changement. Elle peut prendre de nombreuses formes. Par exemple, l’eau qui coule dans une chute d’eau possède de l’énergie cinétique. Dans les systèmes biologiques, les particules de lumière se propagent et sont absorbées par les plantes pour créer de l’énergie chimique. Les animaux consomment l’énergie chimique et dégagent des molécules qui transportent leur odeur dans l’air. Ils génèrent également de l’énergie cinétique lorsqu’ils s’enfuient devant des prédateurs. Des systèmes entiers possèdent également de l’énergie cinétique, comme le système solaire, où se déroule le mouvement de planètes et d’étoiles entières.
 
 <h4> L’énergie cinétique</h4>
 
 L’énergie cinétique est l’énergie des objets en mouvement. Par exemple, alors que l’eau derrière un barrage a de l’énergie potentielle, l’eau qui coule rapidement dans une chute d’eau a de l’énergie cinétique. Si, au fond de la cascade, l’eau cessait de se déplacer et formait un bassin, son énergie serait à nouveau convertie en énergie potentielle.
 
 Dans les systèmes biologiques, l’énergie cinétique prend diverses formes lorsque les objets se déplacent de différentes façons. Par exemple, les particules de lumière — les photons — que les plantes absorbent pour croître et fabriquer des aliments se déplacent très rapidement, changent de forme et sont captées pour effectuer un travail : elles sont utilisées pour fabriquer de l’énergie chimique sous forme de glucides.
 
 L’énergie cinétique permet aux molécules qui portent l’odeur des animaux d’éloigner et d’attirer un prédateur à proximité. L’énergie chimique des plantes, lorsqu’elle est consommée par les animaux, permet aux animaux de fuir face à un prédateur — également une forme d’énergie cinétique.
 
 L’énergie cinétique peut également être transmise d’un objet à l’autre. Par exemple, une personne jouant au billard peut percuter une boule blanche et son énergie cinétique heurte alors une autre boule et la met en mouvement. Des systèmes entiers peuvent également posséder de l’énergie cinétique : le mouvement de toutes les planètes et des étoiles de notre système solaire est de l’énergie cinétique.

L’énergie cinétique est la capacité d’un objet en mouvement à effectuer un travail ou à apporter des changements. Elle peut prendre de nombreuses formes. Par exemple, l’eau qui coule dans une cascade...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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motion as a source of energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It appears when an object is moving and can do work or cause change. A waterfall is one clear example. Water behind a dam has potential energy, but when it rushes downward, that moving water has kinetic energy.

When the water reaches the bottom and stops moving, its energy can become potential energy again. Kinetic energy also shows up in living systems. Plants absorb light particles, called photons, which move very fast and help create chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. In this way, motion can be converted into another useful energy form.

Animals also depend on kinetic energy in different ways. Molecules that carry scent move through the air and can attract a nearby predator. Animals then use the chemical energy they get from plants to run away, which is another example of motion-based energy. Kinetic energy can also move from one object to another, such as when a cue ball hits another ball in pool and sets it in motion.

Even large systems can have kinetic energy. The movement of planets and stars in the solar system is one example. This makes kinetic energy important in nature, in biology, and in every kind of moving system.

Motion as a Source of Energy

what is metabolism?

Metabolism, Energy, and Cell Reactions

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in a cell. It includes anabolism, which builds molecules, and catabolism, which breaks them down. These reactions help cells manage energy and keep life processes running. Cells use metabolism to turn food into energy, make cell parts, and remove waste products. Food stores potential energy in the bonds between atoms. Catabolic pathways break large food molecules into smaller ones and release that energy. Anabolic pathways use that energy...

first law of thermodynamics

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second law of thermodynamics

Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow

The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains why entropy increases as energy moves through a system. Entropy means the amount of disorder in a system. Each time energy is transferred or transformed, some energy is lost as unusable heat. That heat can raise the motion of nearby molecules for a short time and make the surroundings less ordered and more random. This idea also appears in a food web. Primary producers, such as plants, take in energy from the sun and make food. During this process,...

kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It appears when an object is moving and can do work or cause change. A waterfall is one clear example. Water behind a dam has potential energy, but when it rushes downward, that moving water has kinetic energy. When the water reaches the bottom and stops moving, its energy can become potential energy again. Kinetic energy also shows up in living systems. Plants absorb light particles, called photons, which move very fast and help create chemical energy...

potential energy

Stored Energy in Motion and Bonds

Stored energy in motion and bonds is called potential energy. It depends on the structure of an object or the position of matter in space. Raising a kettlebell changes its location and increases its potential energy. A stretched rubber band also stores potential energy, which can later change into kinetic energy. Chemical bonds between atoms hold another form of stored energy called chemical energy. These bonds involve attractive forces, and that energy can change into other forms during a...

free energy

Gibbs Free Energy in Chemical Reactions

Gibbs free energy is a measure of useful energy that can be taken from a chemical reaction to do work. It is written as G and named for scientist Gibbs, who discovered it. This energy is what remains after entropy is considered. A reaction can either take in energy or release it. Reactions that absorb energy are called endergonic reactions. Reactions that release energy are called exergonic reactions. The direction of energy flow helps show which type of reaction is happening. Plants carry...

activation energy

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Activation energy is the minimum energy a chemical reaction needs to keep going. When the activation energy is higher, the reaction usually happens more slowly. Adding heat can speed the reaction because molecules move faster and collide more often. As reactants collide, bonds break and the reaction moves through an uphill phase. That step creates the transition state, which is an unstable, high-energy state of the reactants. After that, new bonds form, products appear, and free energy is...

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ATP breakdown releases energy for cell work. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, can lose one or two phosphate groups when water is added. This hydrolysis reaction is exergonic, which means it releases energy that the cell can use. When one phosphate group is removed, ATP becomes ADP, or adenosine diphosphate. Inorganic phosphate is also released. ADP can then be hydrolyzed again to form AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, after a second phosphate group is removed. ATP has a clear structure. It is...

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Enzymes speed up many chemical reactions in cells. They are biological catalysts, so they increase reaction speed without being consumed or permanently changed. They do this by lowering the activation energy needed to turn reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins that usually work by binding to a substrate, which is the reactant molecule they act on. They show substrate specificity, meaning they bind only certain substrates. This specificity depends mainly on the shape and chemical...

enzyme kinetics

Substrate Effects on Enzyme Rates

Enzyme kinetics examines how enzymes change the rate of a reaction. Enzymes speed reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The reaction rate is the speed at which an enzyme turns reactants into products, and it can be affected by several factors, including the number of available reactants. Scientists often study enzyme kinetics in a test tube with a fixed amount of enzyme. When more substrate, or reactant, is added, the reaction rate increases because the enzyme can make...

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Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to enzymes. Cells use these inhibitors to help regulate normal enzyme function. Drugs and toxins can also block enzymes and change how they work. Some inhibitors bind at the active site, which is the part of the enzyme where the substrate normally fits. Competitive inhibitors do this by occupying the active site and preventing the substrate from binding. If the substrate concentration becomes high enough, it can outcompete...

feedback inhibition

How Cells Control Product Buildup

Cells use enzymes to run biochemical reactions and make the products they need. These reactions are happening constantly, and enzymes speed them up so they happen fast enough to matter. Enzyme activity also has to be regulated. Cells need the right amounts of starting materials, intermediate metabolites, and final products. If these substances build up too much or drop too low, the cell can be harmed. That is why cells use control systems to keep metabolic levels balanced. One important...

allosteric regulation

Allosteric Control of Enzyme Speed

Allosteric control changes enzyme speed when a molecule binds to a site other than the active site. That alternate binding spot is called an allosteric site. An enzyme can have more than one allosteric site. This type of control can raise or lower enzyme activity. Many enzymes with allosteric control are metabolic enzymes. They help with the breakdown or the building of specific molecules in cells. In allosteric inhibition, the effector molecule causes a shape change that lowers the enzyme's...

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Enzyme Helpers: Metals, Vitamins, and More

Enzyme helpers are needed for many enzymes to work properly. These helpers fall into two groups: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions, while coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both can be tightly bound to an enzyme or attach only when the substrate binds. Cofactors are common in mature proteins, appearing in about 30% of them. They are often added as the enzyme folds and help with catalytic activity. Magnesium is one important cofactor, and it is needed by more than...

key terms and concepts

Explore kinetic energy as motion in waterfalls, light, animal movement, pool collisions, and even the solar system in a clear high school science lesson.

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Motion as a Source of Energy

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