Name: ecosystem zones and climate
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:39.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.4.1

What is an Ecosystem?

- [instructeur] Les écosystèmes sont la sommede toutes les interactionsentre les facteurs biotiques, vivantset abiotiques, non vivants, de l'environnement. 
Ils appartiennent à l'une des deux catégories générales,terrestre et aquatique. 
Les principaux types d'écosystèmes sont appelés biomes. 
Les biomes terrestres, tels que les déserts,les forêts tropicales et la toundra, sont classésen deux facteurs principaux,les précipitations annuelles et la température. 
Parmi les biomes aquatiques,les eaux douces sont les plus rares,car les lacs rivières, de cours d'eau et de sourcesreprésentent moins de 2% de la surface de la Terre. 
Même dans ce cas, ces écosystèmes sont fragiliséspar une grande diversité d'animaux et de plantes. 
Les biomes océaniques,qui constituent 75% de la surface de la Terre,comprennent les bas-fonds, la surface des océans ouvertset les océans profonds. 
Les bas-fonds supportent la plus grande partiede la diversité de l'océan dansles écosystèmes de récifs coralliens. 
La surface de l'océan ouvert contient de beaucoupd'organismes photosynthétiques terrestreset même l'océan profondcontient un certain nombre d'organismesbien que la lumière ne puisse y pénétrer.

Murphy, Brett P., Alan N. Andersen et Catherine L. Parr. « La biodiversité sous-estimée des biomes herbeux tropicaux. » Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 371, no. 1703 (19 septembre 2016). [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978875/ » target="__blank">Source</a>]

Haddad, Nick M., Lars A. Brudvig, Jean Clobert, Kendi F. Davies, Andrew Gonzalez, Robert D. Holt, Thomas E. Lovejoy, et al. « La fragmentation de l’habitat et son impact durable sur les écosystèmes de la Terre ». Science Advances 1, n° 2 (1er mars 2015) : e1500052. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500052 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

qu'est-ce qu'un écosystème ?

<h4>Aperçu</h4>
 
 Un écosystème, c’est l’interaction entre tous les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques dans un environnement et il peut être classé comme terrestre ou aquatique. Les écosystèmes terrestres sont classés en fonction du climat, y compris la température annuelle, les précipitations et la saisonnalité. Les écosystèmes aquatiques se distinguent davantage en écosystèmes d’eau douce et d’eau de mer, puis par la profondeur, qui influe sur la température de l’eau et la quantité de lumière solaire qui pénètre dans l’eau.
 
 <h4>Écosystèmes terrestres</h4>
 
 Les écosystèmes terrestres sont classés en biomes, caractérisés à la fois par le climat de l’environnement et par les types d’organismes qui y vivent. Les zones proches de l’équateur de la Terre qui présentent des températures élevées sans caractère saisonnier et de fortes quantités de précipitations annuelles sont des forêts tropicales et abritent certains des habitats les plus diversifiés au monde. Les écosystèmes avec des températures élevées mais des précipitations annuelles insuffisantes sont les déserts. Bien que les écosystèmes désertiques partagent ces caractéristiques, leur biodiversité peut varier considérablement.
 
 De l’autre côté du spectre, l’écosystème avec des températures annuelles très basses et de faibles précipitations annuelles est le biome arctique. Cet écosystème a la biodiversité la plus faible. Entre ces trois principaux biomes se trouvent la toundra saisonnière, les prairies tempérées et les écosystèmes de savane. Ces écosystèmes présentent des changements annuels oscillatoires tant en température qu’en pluviométrie, et recèlent d’animaux et de plantes spécifiquement adaptés à ces changements saisonniers.
 
 <h4>Écosystèmes d’eau douce</h4>
 
 Les écosystèmes aquatiques sont divisés en deux catégories : d’eau douce et d’eau de mer. Les écosystèmes d’eau douce, les plus rares des écosystèmes qui composent environ 2 % de la surface de la Terre, comprennent les lacs, les rivières, les ruisseaux et les terres humides. Les principaux facteurs qui influencent la biodiversité au sein de ces écosystèmes sont le débit, la température et la profondeur de l’eau.
 
 La zone peu profonde près des bords des étangs et des lacs s’appelle la zone littorale. La zone littorale est la zone la plus chaude du plan d’eau et comprend de nombreux producteurs, consommateurs et animaux aquatiques qui ont des modes de vie à la fois terrestre et aquatique. La zone limnétique, ou la surface des eaux profondes, est bien éclairée et dominée par le plancton. La zone de profondeur, ou d’eau profonde, se compose principalement d’organismes qui mangent des organismes morts et n’effectuent pas la photosynthèse puisque peu de lumière pénètre la profondeur.
 
 Dans les ruisseaux et les rivières, l’eau coule rapidement, en recyclant de l’oxygène et en gardant l’eau relativement fraîche. La diversité des espèces est liée à la largeur et à la profondeur de la rivière, les plus grandes parties de la rivière étant plus diversifiées que les sections plus étroites. Enfin, les zones humides sont des zones d’eau stagnante peu profonde comme les marais, les marécages et les tourbières, et sont caractérisées par des environnements souvent chauds et humides. Ces écosystèmes possèdent la plus haute biodiversité de tous les écosystèmes d’eau douce, y compris une variété de plantes, d’animaux, de champignons et de vie bactérienne.
 
 <h4>Écosystèmes marins</h4> 
 
 Les écosystèmes d’eau de mer — les plus communs qui composent près de 75 % de la surface de la Terre, sont différents des écosystèmes d’eau douce en raison de la forte salinité de l’eau. Ils sont également séparés en fonction de la profondeur de l’eau : océan peu profond, eau de l’océan profond et surface de l’océan profond. Le plus diversifié de ces écosystèmes est l’eau peu profonde, qui abrite la plupart des récifs coralliens du monde et la vie marine associée. En plus des eaux peu profondes océaniques, la surface des océans profond abrite également une grande variété de vie marine — en raison de la quantité de lumière solaire qui y pénètre — y compris le plancton, qui effectue environ 40 % de toute la photosynthèse sur Terre.
 
 En raison des quantités minimales de lumière qui pénètrent dans les profondeurs de l’eau, l’écosystème de l’océan profond contient un ensemble d’organismes moins diversifiés mais souvent inhabituels adaptés à l’obscurité et aux hautes pressions. Cet écosystème est également le moins connu de tous les écosystèmes en raison de la grande quantité d’espace qu’il couvre. Cependant, les scientifiques sont maintenant en mesure d’explorer cette frontière en raison de nouvelles technologies telles que le véhicule occupé par l’homme Alvin. Actuellement, ce véhicule a permis aux chercheurs d’accéder aux 2/3 du fond océanique jusqu’à 4 500 m de profondeur.
 
 <h4>Dynamique de l’écosystème</h4>
 
 Quelles que soient les caractéristiques de l’écosystème particulier, tous partagent les mêmes processus dynamiques de transformation de l’énergie et de la matière par la photosynthèse et les relations d’alimentation entre les organismes. Les écosystèmes sont alimentés par un afflux constant d’énergie solaire qui traverse l’écosystème pendant que la matière est recyclée.

Qu'est-ce qu'un écosystème ?

Aperçu

Un écosystème est l’interaction entre tous les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques d’un environnement et peut être classé comme terrestre ou aquatique. ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Ecology

Écologie

Ecosystems

Écosystèmes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

ecosystem zones and climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water.

Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual rainfall, so they support some of the most diverse habitats on Earth. Deserts also have high temperatures, but they receive too little rainfall, so their biodiversity can vary widely. At the other end, the arctic biome has very low temperatures and low rainfall, and it has the lowest biodiversity.

Between these major biomes are tundra, temperate grassland, and savanna ecosystems. These areas show yearly changes in temperature and rainfall. The plants and animals there are adapted to those seasonal shifts.

Freshwater ecosystems are the rarest ecosystems and cover about 2% of Earth’s surface. They include lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. Water flow, temperature, and depth shape the biodiversity in these systems.

In ponds and lakes, the littoral zone is the shallow edge. It is the warmest part of the water body and contains many producers, consumers, and animals that live both on land and in water. The limnetic zone is the deep-water surface and gets enough light for plankton. The profundal zone is deeper water, where little light reaches and organisms often feed on dead matter rather than photosynthesize.

Streams and rivers move quickly. This flow adds oxygen to the water and helps keep it cool. Biodiversity also depends on river width and depth, and larger sections are usually more diverse than narrow ones. Wetlands are shallow areas of standing water, such as marshes, swamps, and bogs. They are often hot and moist and have the highest biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, with many plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Marine ecosystems are the most common and cover almost 75% of Earth’s surface. They differ from freshwater ecosystems because of high salinity. Marine systems are also divided by depth into shallow ocean, deep ocean surface, and deep ocean water. Shallow water is the most diverse and includes most coral reefs and their associated marine life.

The deep ocean surface still receives enough sunlight to support many organisms, including plankton. Plankton carries out around 40% of all photosynthesis on Earth. In the deep ocean, light is limited, so the ecosystem has fewer species, but many are unusual and adapted to darkness and high pressure. It is also the least known ecosystem because it covers such a large area. New tools, such as the human occupied vehicle Alvin, now let scientists explore this frontier and reach about 2/3 of the ocean floor down to 4,500 m.

All ecosystems share the movement of energy and matter through photosynthesis and feeding relationships. Solar energy enters the ecosystem and moves through living things. Matter is recycled as organisms interact and feed.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how climate, depth, and sunlight shape terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, from rainforests to the deep ocean.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

La collection JoVE Core Biologie donne vie à la biologie à travers plus de 300 leçons vidéos animées concises et faciles à comprendre qui expliquent les concept clés de la biologie, mais aussi plus de 150 vidéos de scientifiques à l'action effectuant des expériences de recherche dans des laboratoires modernes.

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.N

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-7

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

HS-LS2-6

Environmental Science

Resources And Resource Management

HS-EVS1-1

Environmental Awareness And Protection

HS-EVS2-3

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

BIO.8.c

ES.8

ES.8.b

ES.8.d

ES.10

ES.10.a

LS.5

LS.5.b

LS.7

LS.7.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.19

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.6

Unity and Diversity

9-12.EVS.2.3

9-12.EVS.3.4

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-6

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.3

SC.912.E.7.4

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.7

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.B

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS3-1.

E-ESS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SEV1.

SEV1.b

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-2.

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.d

Oceanography

SO3.

SO3.2

SO3.3

SEC1.

SEC1.a

SB5.c

myJoVE Corporation

Igneous Volcanic Rock

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The Carbon Cycle

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Igneous Intrusive Rock

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Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

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determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
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Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
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Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Topographic Surveying and Contours

Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is ...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

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