Name: phosphorus movement in soil and water
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Phosphorus Cycle

- [Professeur] Dans le cycle du phosphore,les atomes de phosphore existent d'abord en état rocheuxet non gazeux. 
Avec l'érosion de la roche, le phosphore est libéréet dissout dans les ruisseaux, lacs et nappes phréatiques. 
Plantes et algues se servent de ce phosphore inorganiquedans les sols et l'eau pour créer des molécules organiques. 
En mangeant les plantes, les hétérotrophes prennentdans le phosphore pour composer d'autres éléments. 
Quand un organisme meurt, les décomposeurs divisentles molécules de phosphore et relâchent du phosphoreinorganique pour les plantes et les algues,on appelle ce processus la minéralisation du phosphore. 
Même si le cycle du phosphore est court entre les organismesde la chaîne alimentaire, son temps de séjour est plus longdans l'eau. 
Les ions de phosphore dissout réagissentavec les composants insolubles qui sont précipitésdans l'océan et se transforment en sédiment ou en pourriturecausant un soulèvement tectonique et reviennent peut-êtredans l'environnement. 
Cependant, la quantité de phosphore est limitéedans l'environnement et doit donc être fourniecomme fertilisant dans l'agriculturepour une production maximale. 
L'excès de phosphore s'écoule dans l'eaucausant de nombreux problèmes environnementauxcomme des proliférations algales.

Watson, Andrew J., Timothy M. Lenton et Benjamin J. W. Mills. « La désoxygénation des océans, le cycle mondial du phosphore et la possibilité d’une anoxie océanique à grande échelle causée par l’homme. » Transactions philosophiques. Série A, Sciences mathématiques, physiques et de l’ingénierie 375, n° 2102 (13 septembre 2017). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0318 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

White, Angelicque et Sonya Dyhrman. « Le cycle du phosphore marin », Frontiers in Microbiology 4 (21 mai 2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00105 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

le cycle du phosphore

Contrairement au carbone, à l’eau et à l’azote, le phosphore n’est pas présent dans l’atmosphère en tant que gaz. Au lieu de cela, la plupart du phosphore dans l’écosystème existe sous forme de composés, tels que les ions phosphates (PO43-), que l’on trouve dans le sol, l’eau, les sédiments et les roches. Le phosphore est souvent un nutriment limitant (c.-à-d. en pénurie). Par conséquent, le phosphore est ajouté à la plupart des engrais agricoles, ce qui peut causer des problèmes environnementaux liés au ruissellement dans les écosystèmes aquatiques.
 
 <h4>Cycle biologique du phosphore</h4>
 
 Le phosphore est présent dans de nombreuses structures biologiques importantes, telles que l’ADN, les membranes cellulaires, les os et les dents. Il n’est pas présent dans l’atmosphère sous forme gazeuse, mais se trouve dans les minéraux, les sédiments, les cendres volcaniques et les aérosols. Lorsque les roches et les sédiments s’érodent au fil du temps, ils libèrent du phosphate inorganique, qui atteint progressivement le sol et l’eau de surface. Les plantes absorbent et incorporent ces phosphates dans des molécules organiques. Les animaux obtiennent et incorporent des phosphates en consommant des plantes et d’autres animaux. Lorsque les plantes et les animaux meurent ou excrètent les déchets, les phosphates organiques retournent dans le sol et sont décomposés par des bactéries, au cours d’un processus appelé minéralisation du phosphate, en formes inorganiques qui peuvent à nouveau être utilisées par les plantes.
 
 <h4>Cycle géochimique du phosphore</h4>
 
 Le ruissellement naturel peut transporter les phosphates vers les rivières, les lacs et l’océan, où ils peuvent être ingérés par les organismes aquatiques. Lorsque des organismes aquatiques meurent ou excrètent des déchets, les composés contenant du phosphore peuvent s’enfoncer au fond de l’océan et éventuellement former des couches sédimentaires. Pendant des milliers d’années, la surrection géologique peut ramener des roches contenant du phosphore de l’océan à la terre.
 
 <h4>Impacts humains sur le cycle du phosphore</h4>
 
 Comme l’azote, le phosphore est souvent un facteur limitant dans la croissance des plantes dans les milieux naturels, ce qui a conduit à la pratique agricole d’ajouter du phosphore aux engrais afin d’augmenter le rendement des cultures. Toutefois, le ruissellement agricole provenant de cette pratique peut stimuler la croissance rapide des producteurs aquatiques, provoquant une variété de problèmes environnementaux.

Le cycle du phosphore

Contrairement au carbone, à l’eau et à l’azote, le phosphore n’est pas présent dans l’atmosphère sous forme de gaz. Au lieu de cela, la majeure partie du phosphore dans l’écosystème existe sous forme de composés, ...

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phosphorus movement in soil and water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments.

Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then moves into soil and surface water.

Plants absorb phosphate and build it into organic molecules. Animals get phosphorus by eating plants and other animals. When plants and animals die or excrete waste, organic phosphates return to the soil. Bacteria break them down through phosphate mineralization and convert them back into inorganic forms that plants can use again.

Runoff can carry phosphates into rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Aquatic organisms can take in this phosphorus. When they die or excrete waste, phosphorus-containing compounds may sink to the ocean floor and form sediment layers. Over thousands of years, geological uplift can bring phosphorus-rich rocks back onto land.

Human activity also affects the phosphorus cycle. Farmers add phosphorus to fertilizers because it can limit plant growth and crop yield. But fertilizer runoff can reach aquatic ecosystems. There, it can trigger rapid growth of aquatic producers and create environmental problems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

what is an ecosystem?

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Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

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Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

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Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

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Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

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Explore how phosphorus moves from rocks to soil, plants, animals, and water, and how fertilizer runoff can disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

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Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

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